Fig. 3. Early Eocene weathering, organic carbon burial and circulation changes.

a The CO₂ record as in Fig. 2. b The marine ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os compilation from ref. ²⁷ c the marine ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr record from refs. ^30,32,94. d The marine δ⁷Li are from ref. ³³, with red symbols/line updated to the same age model as for the CO₂ and δ¹⁸O data³⁹. e The marine δ³⁴S are from ref. ⁵¹ (red circles), with the updated age model to GTS2012 (green circles) from ref. ⁵³ f, g Marine carbonate δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O, color coding refers to the same references as in Fig. 2c. Purple bar envelopes the δ³⁴S increase, and “N” indicates the preceding CIE within C23n.2nH1³⁹. Light blue bar indicates the timing of temperature and CO₂ decline after the EECO. Green light bar indicates the timing of potential circulation changes in the early Eocene, as demonstrated in the δ¹³C record of f. Overlying solid black and yellow bars represent the timing of volcanism^21–26.