Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and laboratory results of patients with COVID-19.
| Characteristic | All (n = 222) | No Cardiac injury (n = 187) | Cardiac injury (n = 29) | P-value comparing 29 to 187 | New cardiac injury during hospitalization (n = 6) | P-value comparing 6 to 187 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), years | 63 (50, 69) | 60.5 (48.0–67.0) | 70 (65.5, 80.0) | <0.001 | 65.5 (65.0–70.5) | 0.074 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 113 (50.9) | 96 (53.6) | 12 (41.4) | 0.221 | 5 (83.3) | 0.223 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 51 (23.0) | 37 (19.8) | 11 (37.9) | 0.029 | 3 (50.0) | 0.105 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 30 (13.5) | 23 (12.3) | 7 (24.1) | 0.086 | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 14 (6.7) | 7 (3.7) | 7 (24.1) | 0.001 | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Thyroid, n (%) | 9 (4.1) | 7 (3.7) | 2 (6.9) | 0.429 | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 8 (3.6) | 6 (3.2) | 2 (6.9) | 0.328 | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| CCB, n (%) | 13 (5.9) | 9 (4.8) | 3 (10.3) | 0.226 | 1 (16.7) | 0.276 |
| Laboratory results on admission, median (IQR) | ||||||
| White blood cell × 10∧9/L | 5.82 (4.34, 7.17) | 5.7 (4.2–6.9) | 6.35 (5.38, 10.21) | <0.001 | 5.1 (4.7–7.8) | 0.955 |
| Neutrophil, % | 68.0 (57.7, 80.0) | 66.2 (56.3–75.0) | 85.7 (74.3, 92.3) | <0.001 | 82.0 (81.0–85.2) | 0.003 |
| Lymphocyte, % | 21.3 (12.25, 29.35) | 23.4 (15.8–31.5) | 8.9 (5.2, 13.5) | <0.001 | 11.6 (10.0–12.5) | 0.004 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 34 (16, 63) | 30.0 (14.0–58.0) | 56.5 (36.0, 87.0) | <0.001 | 50.0 (37.8–69.0) | 0.137 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 4.9 (3.85, 6.6) | 4.5 (3.8–6.2) | 7.4 (4.5, 11.78) | 0.023 | 7.8 (5.5–10.1) | 0.044 |
| Creatinine, μmoI/L | 71 (60, 88) | 70.0 (60.0–87.0) | 83 (61, 109) | 0.076 | 66.5 (51.8–91.0) | 0.751 |
| eGFR, mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 92.85 (74.92, 104) | 94.5 (77.8–105.4) | 71.6 (44.1, 96.35) | 0.003 | 79.4 (67.2–91.5) | 0.142 |
| ALT, U/L | 25 (16, 42) | 26.0 (16.8–43.0) | 25.5 (14.75, 37) | 0.733 | 21.0 (18.0–24.0) | 0.399 |
| AST, U/L | 24 (18.5, 32.5) | 22.5 (18.0–32.0) | 28.5 (23.25, 46.25) | 0.033 | 24.0 (21.0–65.0) | 0.298 |
| TBIL, μmol/L | 9.8 (7.1, 12.02) | 9.5 (7.0–11.4) | 10.60 (8.03, 13.88) | 0.143 | 18.3 (13.3–22.6) | 0.002 |
| DBIL, μmol/L | 3.9 (2.93, 5.2) | 3.6 (2.9–4.7) | 4.9 (3.43, 5.98) | 0.031 | 10.4 (6.2–13.6) | 0.0001 |
| IBIL, μmol/L | 5.3 (4.2, 7.1) | 5.3 (4.2–6.8) | 5.4 (4.28, 7.8) | 0.813 | 8.1 (7.1–9.7) | 0.042 |
| LDH, U/L | 237.5 (191.25, 314.5) | 227.0 (189.0–290.5) | 342 (205.5, 480) | 0.012 | 382.0 (265.0–613.0) | 0.034 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 4.08 (3.38, 4.82) | 4.2 (3.6–4.9) | 3.67 (2.83, 4.47) | 0.044 | 3.6 (3.4–3.6) | 0.115 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 1.35 (1.02, 2.0) | 1.3 (1.0–2.0) | 1.50 (0.98, 2.33) | 0.909 | 1.5 (1.4–1.6) | 0.811 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.81, 1.18) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.082 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.157 |
| LDL, mg/Dl | 2.63 (1.96, 3.03) | 2.7 (2.0–3.1) | 1.85 (1.41, 2.84) | 0.024 | 1.9 (1.6–2.0) | 0.029 |
| Creatine kinase–MB fraction, μg/L | 65.5 (35.75, 129.0) | 61.0 (36.5–95.0) | 132 (55, 294) | 0.049 | 84.0 (31.5–154.5) | 0.932 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.29 (3.98, 4.61) | 4.3 (4.0–4.6) | 4.49 (3.77, 5.09) | 0.297 | 4.4 (4.0–4.7) | 0.760 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 140.2 (138.3, 142.75) | 139.9 (138.5–141.9) | 141.15 (137.88, 144.9) | 0.098 | 144.1 (141.3–144.1) | 0.143 |
| Ferritin, μg/L | 565 (287.3, 1,109.5) | 545.5 (269.2–936.0) | 862 (453.8, 1,264.5) | 0.123 | 2,305.0 (2,128.0–8,288.5) | 0.006 |
| HCO3, mEq/L | 24.55 (22.25, 26.08) ± 3.24 | 24.7 (23.0–26.1) | 24.0 (20.15, 24.85) | 0.051 | 26.2 (24.0–27.9) | 0.393 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 10.2 (1.6, 49.8) | 5.3 (1.5–31.5) | 78.9 (10.2, 11.4) | 0.009 | 124.8 (52.2–218.3) | 0.005 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 115.5 (52.25, 668.0) | 65.0 (36.5–185.0) | 1,468 (382.5, 5,651.5) | <0.001 | 336.0 (236.0–734.5) | 0.007 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 35.45 (31.07, 39.80) | 36.3 (32.2–40.3) | 28.7 (23.8, 31.3) | <0.001 | 33.4 (30.9–34.2) | 0.134 |
| d-Dimer, μg/mL | 0.97 (0.41, 2.28) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 4.99 (2.31, 21.0) | <0.001 | 12.2 (3.1–21.0) | 0.002 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 9.66 (2.94, 36.35) | 7.4 (2.6–19.5) | 43.39 (10.9, 108.01) | <0.001 | 72.8 (58.6–293.7) | <0.001 |
| Pao2, mean ± SD, mmHg | 90.56 ± 6.85 | 92.58 ± 2.42 | 88.82 ± 9.98 | <0.001 | 85.06 ± 13.88 | <0.001 |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; IBIL, indirect bilirubin; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; IL-6, interleukin 6.