Table 2.
Classification of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controlsa
| Whole-brain images | Functional connectivity | Graph-based metrics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LR (%) | SVM (%) | DL (%) | LR (%) | SVM (%) | DL (%) | LR (%) | SVM (%) | DL (%) | |
| Dataset 1 | |||||||||
| Accuracy | 53.54 | 59.47 | 50.27 | 81.81 | 83.33 | 84.05 | 72.28 | 74.99 | 69.07 |
| Sensitivity | 38.13 | 52.75 | 32.64 | 69.23 | 100.00 | 73.63 | 58.46 | 62.75 | 66.04 |
| Specificity | 68.95 | 66.19 | 67.90 | 94.38 | 66.67 | 94.48 | 86.10 | 87.24 | 72.10 |
| p valueb | 0.155 | 0.056 | 0.421 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dataset 2 | |||||||||
| Accuracy | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 | 80.01 | 77.14 | 77.97 | 65.28 | 71.21 | 68.84 |
| Sensitivity | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 75.15 | 87.58 | 62.73 | 53.33 | 53.79 | 55.15 |
| Specificity | 60.00 | 60.00 | 60.00 | 84.87 | 66.70 | 93.22 | 77.24 | 88.63 | 82.54 |
| p valueb | 0.375 | 0.433 | 0.648 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dataset 3 | |||||||||
| Accuracy | 53.05 | 54.65 | 51.44 | 82.41 | 87.31 | 80.50 | 79.66 | 78.69 | 72.74 |
| Sensitivity | 58.67 | 58.67 | 42.89 | 71.11 | 100.00 | 75.11 | 73.56 | 65.33 | 65.33 |
| Specificity | 47.44 | 50.64 | 60.00 | 93.72 | 74.62 | 85.90 | 85.77 | 92.05 | 79.62 |
| p valueb | 0.180 | 0.088 | 0.777 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dataset 4 | |||||||||
| Accuracy | 51.10 | 54.37 | 53.74 | 81.19 | 79.62 | 81.69 | 66.82 | 63.81 | 65.00 |
| Sensitivity | 60.00 | 62.86 | 62.86 | 80.48 | 96.67 | 68.10 | 58.57 | 46.67 | 41.90 |
| Specificity | 42.21 | 45.88 | 44.63 | 81.91 | 62.57 | 95.29 | 75.07 | 80.96 | 88.09 |
| p valueb | 0.408 | 0.296 | 0.3182 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dataset 5 | |||||||||
| Accuracy | 56.00 | 56.00 | 54.52 | 79.44 | 81.32 | 80.96 | 57.19 | 71.33 | 67.41 |
| Sensitivity | 14.52 | 60.00 | 52.22 | 67.78 | 97.78 | 67.78 | 46.67 | 46.67 | 61.11 |
| Specificity | 86.67 | 52.00 | 56.81 | 91.10 | 64.86 | 94.14 | 67.71 | 96.00 | 73.71 |
| p valueb | 0.236 | 0.087 | 0.196 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.019 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Average Sensitivity | 42.26 | 54.86 | 46.12 | 72.75 | 96.41 | 69.47 | 58.12 | 55.04 | 57.91 |
| Average Specificity | 61.05 | 54.94 | 57.87 | 89.20 | 67.08 | 92.61 | 78.38 | 88.98 | 79.21 |
| Average Accuracy | 52.74 | 54.90 | 51.99 | 80.97 | 81.74 | 81.03 | 68.25 | 72.00 | 68.61 |
a
Sensitivity and specificity were computed considering the patient group as the positive class.
b
Statistical significance was estimated using the permutation method (1000 permutations).
SVM, support vector machine; LR, logistic regression; DL, deep learning