Table 3.
Characteristics of participants who used insulin and did not use insulin
| Variables | Insulin users | Insulin non‐users | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male, n (%) | 150 (56) | 144 (61) | 0.261 |
| Female, n (%) | 117 (44) | 92 (39) | |
| Age (years) | 63.9 ± 12.1 | 63.8 ± 13.0 | 0.98 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 4.0 | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 0.236 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 6.8 ± 0.7 | 0.000* |
| Smoking habit | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 35 (13) | 44 (19) | 0.085 |
| No, n (%) | 232 (87) | 192 (81) | |
| Habitual alcohol consumption | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 78 (29) | 82 (35) | 0.218 |
| No, n (%) | 189 (71) | 154 (65) | |
| Exercise frequency | |||
| None, n (%) | 139 (52) | 114 (48) | 0.056 |
| Once a week, n (%) | 18 (7) | 12 (6) | |
| 2–3 times a week, n (%) | 39 (15) | 40 (17) | |
| 4–5 times a week, n (%) | 25 (9) | 20 (8) | |
| Almost every day, n (%) | 46 (17) | 49 (21) | |
| Single | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 77 (29) | 72 (31) | 0.730 |
| No, n (%) | 190 (71) | 164 (69) | |
| Living alone | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 34 (13) | 30 (13) | 0.938 |
| No, n (%) | 233 (87) | 206 (87) | |
| CES‐D | 13.3 ± 7.0 | 13.2 ± 8.3 | 0.897 |
| Coping dimensions | |||
| Problem‐focused | 14.6 ± 5.0 | 14.1 ± 4.6 | 0.209 |
| Adaptive emotion‐focused | 15.7 ± 4.2 | 15.9 ± 4.6 | 0.800 |
| Maladaptive emotion‐focused | 20.5 ± 3.0 | 20.7 ± 3.1 | 0.663 |
| Coping profiles | |||
| Active solution | 6.4 ± 2.7 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 0.065 |
| Seeking help for a solution | 8.1 ± 2.9 | 8.0 ± 2.7 | 0.830 |
| Changing mood | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 8.0 ± 2.5 | 0.621 |
| Emotional expression involving others | 11.1 ± 1.6 | 11.2 ± 1.5 | 0.396 |
| Avoidance and suppression | 9.4 ± 2.1 | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 0.611 |
| Changing one's point of view | 7.6 ± 2.4 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 0.589 |
Values show the mean ± standard deviation.
*Statistically significant. CES‐D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c.