Table 1.
Maternal characteristics of the pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus
| Characteristic | Total | GDM | Normal | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 932) | (n = 176) | (n = 756) | ||
| Survey year | ||||
| 2017, n (%) | 465 (49.79) | 78 (16.77) | 387 (83.23) | 0.107 |
| 2018, n (%) | 469 (50.21) | 98 (20.90) | 371 (79.10) | |
| Age (years) | 30.09 ± 4.87 | 32.23 ± 5.08 | 29.60 ± 4.68 | <0.001 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 25.46 ± 2.36 | 25.19 ± 2.53 | 25.53 ± 2.31 | 0.098 |
| Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 20.58 ± 2.94 | 21.63 ± 3.57 | 20.33 ± 2.72 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, METs·(h/week) | 32.38 ± 28.32 | 27.40 ± 22.59 | 33.57 ± 29.38 | 0.002 |
| OGTT‐0 h glucose (mmol/L) | 4.42 ± 0.42 | 4.79 ± 0.56 | 4.33 ± 0.32 | <0.001 |
| OGTT‐1 h glucose (mmol/L) | 7.80 ± 1.76 | 9.81 ± 1.68 | 7.33 ± 1.41 | <0.001 |
| OGTT‐2 h glucose (mmol/L) | 6.72 ± 1.36 | 8.41 ± 1.39 | 6.33 ± 1.01 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 13.54 ± 9.06 | 15.56 ± 8.22 | 13.07 ± 9.19 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 2.65 ± 1.43 | 3.37 ± 0.70 | 2.53 ± 1.71 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IS | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.37 ± 0.16 | 0.47 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐βF | 302.3 ± 1067.3 | 275.6 ± 167.2 | 308.6 ± 1182.7 | 0.814 |
| Plasma irisin (ng/mL) | 13.81 ± 6.12 | 14.20 ± 4.62 | 13.57 ± 5.09 | 0.110 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 40 (4.30) | 9 (5.14) | 31 (4.11) | 0.545 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 24 (2.58) | 5 (2.86) | 19 (2.52) | 0.800 |
| Total energy (MJ/day) | 7.52 ± 2.09 | 7.58 ± 2.01 | 7.51 ± 2.11 | 0.641 |
| Dietary n‐3 PUFA (g/day) † | 1.02 ± 0.67 | 1.05 ± 0.71 | 1.02 ± 0.66 | 0.940 |
| Family history of diabetes | 142 (15.27) | 30 (17.14) | 112 (14.85) | 0.448 |
| GDM in a previous pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
| Nulliparous | 355 (38.25) | 51 (29.31) | 304 (40.37) | <0.001 |
| Previous GDM | 29 (3.13) | 15 (8.62) | 14 (1.86) | |
| No previous GDM | 544 (58.62) | 108 (62.07) | 435 (57.77) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | ||||
| Senior high school or below | 171 (18.61) | 32 (19.39) | 139 (18.68) | 0.641 |
| Junior college | 195 (21.22) | 40 (22.99) | 154 (20.70) | |
| College | 499 (54.30) | 89 (51.15) | 410 (55.11) | |
| College above | 54 (5.88) | 13 (7.47) | 41 (5.51) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | ||||
| Commerce and services | 248 (27.37) | 51 (30.18) | 187 (25.37) | 0.040 |
| Professionals and technicians | 38 (4.19) | 5 (2.96) | 33 (19.00) | |
| Administrators and clerks | 184 (20.31) | 44 (26.04) | 140 (19.00) | |
| Housewives | 238 (26.27) | 33 (19.53) | 215 (29.17) | |
| Other | 198 (21.85) | 36 (21.30) | 162 (21.98) | |
| Monthly household income, n (%) | ||||
| ≤4,000 RMB | 196 (21.51) | 35 (2.35) | 161 (21.82) | 0.965 |
| 4,001–6,000 RMB | 216 (23.71) | 41 (23.84) | 174 (23.58) | |
| 6,001–10,000 RMB | 227 (24.92) | 45 (26.16) | 182 (24.66) | |
| >10,000 RMB | 272 (28.96) | 51 (29.62) | 221 (29.95) | |
Continuous variables were described by mean ± standard deviation; categorical variables were presented by number (percentage).
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HOMA‐βF, homeostatic model assessment of β‐cell function; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA‐IS, homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; RMB, renminbi yuan.
†
Energy‐adjusted by the residual method.