Table 2.

Current human interventional studies targeting pathways that involve transcription‐related factor 2 nuclear factor erythroid factor 2

Target protein	MOA: DRUG (generic name)	Indications	Status	References for human interventional studies in DN
NRF2 NF‐B and STATs	NRF2 agonist (activates KEAP1‐Nrf2 pathway), NF‐B inhibitor, bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402)	(BEACON), CKD stage 4, T2D	Terminated RCT, phase III	NCT01683409 PMID: 24206459 PMID: 24169612 PMID: 24903467
NRF2 NF‐B and STATs	Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402)	(BEACON), CKD stage 4, T2D	Post‐hoc analysis	PMID: 29402767 PMID: 30318163 PMID: 31377056
NFR2 NF‐B and the STATs	Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402)	(PHOENIX); CKD stage 3–4, T1D, other rare CKD	Completed RCT, phase II	NCT03366337
NFR2 NF‐B and the STATs	Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402)	(TSUBAKI) CKD patients with T2D	Completed RCT, phase II	NCT02316821
NRF2 NF‐B and STATs	Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402)	(AYAME) CKD stage 3–4, T1D or T2D	Active RCT, phase III	NCT03550443
NRF2 NF‐B and STATs	Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402)	(EAGLE) CKD stage >4, CKD, Alport	Phase III RCT, recruiting	NCT03749447
NRF2 SIRT1	SIRT1 agonist, upregulates NRF2 (resveratrol)	Non‐diabetic CKD stage 3–4	Completed RCT, phase III	NCT02433925

Data for human interventional studies and respective national clinical trial (NCT) numbers were accessed from www.clinicaltrials.gov on 1 November 2019.

CKD, chronic kidney disease; DN, diabetic nephropathy; MOA, mechanism of action; NF‐κB, nuclear factor Kappa B; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid factor 2; PMID, PubMed identifier; RCT, randomized clinical trial; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; STATs, signal transducers and activators of transcription; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes.