Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients who were classified according to the status of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic kidney disease
|
DR (–) DKD (–) |
DR (–) DKD (+) |
DR (+) DKD (–) |
DR (+) DKD (+) |
P‐value |
VTDR (–) Advanced DKD (–) |
VTDR (–) Advanced DKD (+) |
VTDR (+) Advanced DKD (–) |
VTDR (+) Advanced DKD (+) |
P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1172 | 356 | 201 | 173 | 1558 | 221 | 57 | 66 | ||
| Men (%) | 961 (82.0) | 283 (79.5) | 150 (74.6) | 133 (76.9) | 0.012 | 1259 (80.8) | 181 (81.9) | 38 (66.7) | 49 (74.2) | 0.044 |
| Age (years) | 54.5 ± 9.4 | 56.3 ± 11.2* | 57.2 ± 9.8* | 59.3 ± 10.0*† | <0.0001 | 55.2 ± 9.8 | 56.1 ± 10.9 | 59.9 ± 8.9** | 59.0 ± 9.9** | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.7 ± 5.7 | 4.4 ± 5.5 | 11.6 ± 9.0*† | 13.1 ± 8.4*† | <0.0001 | 5.5 ± 6.4 | 6.5 ± 7.3 | 14.1 ± 10.0**§ | 14.4 ± 7.9**§ | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 7.9 ± 1.6 (63 ± 18) | 8.1 ± 1.6 (65 ± 18) | 8.8 ± 1.6 (73 ± 18)*† | 8.7 ± 1.6 (72 ± 18)*† | <0.0001 | 8.0 ± 1.7 (64 ± 18) | 8.3 ± 1.6 (67 ± 17) | 8.6 ± 1.5 (70 ± 17) | 9.0 ± 1.9 (75 ± 20)**§ | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 24.5 ± 4.2* | 22.5 ± 3.1*† | 23.3 ± 3.3† | <0.0001 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | 24.8 ± 4.0** | 22.2 ± 3.2§ | 22.9 ± 3.2§ | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.5 ± 18.2 | 134.2 ± 22.1* | 132.7 ± 21.5 | 143.7 ± 23.3*†‡ | <0.0001 | 129.1 ± 18.7 | 140.3 ± 24.2** | 138.9 ± 24.0** | 148.6 ± 22.6**§ | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.0 ± 11.3 | 78.5 ± 13.8* | 75.2 ± 12.0† | 79.0 ± 12.4*‡ | <0.0001 | 75.1 ± 11.4 | 81.0 ± 14.2** | 76.5 ± 12.0 | 80.7 ± 11.8** | <0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.52 ± 0.96 | 5.78 ± 1.07* | 5.40 ± 0.96† | 5.82 ± 1.28*‡ | <0.0001 | 5.53 ± 0.98 | 5.79 ± 1.13** | 5.38 ± 1.02 | 6.21 ± 1.37**§¶ | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.29 ± 0.34 | 1.37 ± 0.39 | 1.34 ± 0.37 | 0.066 | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.25 ± 0.31** | 1.40 ± 0.42 | 1.40 ± 0.44§ | 0.002 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82.7 ± 15.5 | 73.7 ± 22.0* | 87.2 ± 20.8*† | 71.1 ± 27.1*‡ | <0.0001 | 81.7 ± 17.9 | 75.2 ± 23.3** | 85.5 ± 18.5§ | 64.8 ± 27.7**§¶ | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 503 (42.9) | 133 (37.4) | 83 (41.3) | 61 (35.3) | 0.049 | 656 (42.1) | 86 (38.9) | 17 (29.8) | 21 (31.8) | 0.016 |
| Alcohol intake | 737 (62.9) | 211 (59.3) | 101 (50.3) | 73 (42.2) | <0.0001 | 949 (60.9) | 127 (57.5) | 23 (40.4) | 23 (34.9) | <0.0001 |
| Initial therapies | ||||||||||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 466 (39.8) | 148 (41.6) | 121 (60.2) | 87 (50.3) | <0.0001 | 661 (42.5) | 103 (46.6) | 33 (57.9) | 25 (37.9) | 0.36 |
| Insulin | 93 (7.9) | 30 (8.4) | 61 (30.4) | 77 (44.5) | <0.0001 | 161 (10.3) | 35 (15.8) | 23 (40.4) | 42 (63.6) | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive agents | 164 (14.0) | 108 (30.3) | 33 (16.4) | 82 (47.4) | <0.0001 | 244 (15.7) | 93 (42.1) | 11 (19.3) | 39 (59.1) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid‐lowering agents | 131 (11.2) | 54 (15.2) | 22 (11.0) | 26 (15.0) | 0.17 | 180 (11.6) | 32 (14.5) | 8 (14.0) | 13 (19.7) | 0.027 |
Values are n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. P‐values were derived from anova for continuous variables, and from the Cochran–Armitage trend test for categorical variables.
*P < 0.05 versus diabetic retinopathy (DR) (–) diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (–); † P < 0.05 versus DR (–) DKD (+); ‡ P < 0.05 versus DR (+) DKD (–); **P < 0.05 versus vision‐threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) (–) advanced DKD (–); § P < 0.05 versus VTDR (–) advanced DKD (+); ¶ P < 0.05 versus VTDR (+) advanced DKD (–).
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol.