Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios for insulin secretion, resistance and associated factors according to alcohol consumption
| Alcohol consumption (g of ethanol/day) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0–19.9 g | 20.0–39.9 g | ≥40.0 g | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Blood glucose level after 120 min | 0.49 (0.29–0.82) | 0.70 (0.35–1.40) | 0.85 (0.45–1.62) |
| Male | 0.52 (0.27–1.00)* | 0.79 (0.35–1.72) | 0.88 (0.42–1.84) |
| Female | 0.52 (0.22–1.19) | 0.44 (0.02–2.97) | 0.44 (0.02–2.90) |
| HOMA‐β | 0.98 (0.52–1.84) | 1.46 (0.65–3.21) | 2.68 (1.27–5.74)* |
| Male | 1.20 (0.54–2.75) | 1.48 (0.59–3.77) | 3.11 (1.30–7.78)* |
| Female | 0.73 (0.22–2.26) | 8.33 (0.91–66.73) | ‐ |
| I/I | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) | 1.07 (0.54–2.08) | 1.04 (0.55–1.96) |
| Male | 1.04 (0.55–1.99) | 1.61 (0.76–3.45) | 1.51 (0.73–3.16) |
| Female | 0.43 (0.17–1.02) | ‐ | ‐ |
| HOMA‐IR | 0.96 (0.48–1.95) | 0.88 (0.28–2.48) | 1.09 (0.43–2.73) |
| Male | 1.03 (0.40–2.77) | 1.23 (0.35–4.18) | 1.24 (0.42–3.78) |
| Female | 0.69 (0.21–2.19) | – | 3.56 (0.38–26.43) |
| TG | 1.58 (0.87–2.93) | 1.97 (0.91–4.29) | 1.60 (0.78–3.33) |
| Male | 1.32 (0.64–2.80) | 2.04 (0.88–4.84) | 1.61 (0.73–3.63) |
| Female | 2.54 (0.87–8.11) | – | – |
| γ‐GTP | 0.94 (0.42–2.16) | 1.84 (0.69–4.85) | 3.24 (1.38–7.95)* |
| Male | 1.13 (0.43–3.22) | 2.44 (0.83–7.61) | 4.56 (1.73–13.42)* |
| Female | 0.87 (0.22–3.22) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Blood pressure | 1.49 (0.93–2.42) | 1.59 (0.81–3.10) | 1.84 (0.99‐2.42) |
| Male | 1.23 (0.66–2.32) | 1.50 (0.71–3.22) | 1.93 (0.95–3.99) |
| Female | 2.35 (1.09–5.22)* | 2.10 (0.21–15.40) | ‐ |
| HbA1c | 1.09 (0.51–2.43) | 1.38 (0.50–3.68) | 0.54 (0.17–1.55) |
| Male | 1.02 (0.42–2.68) | 1.35 (0.46–4.00) | 0.43 (0.12–1.42) |
| Female | 1.33 (0.28–6.66) | – | 3.47 (0.14–38.45) |
Adjusted for sex (female as reference), age, calorie intake per day, smoking and body mass index.
Alcohol consumption per day was categorized as non‐drinker (the reference group), 0–19.9 g/day, 20.0–39.9 g/day and ≥40.0 g/day.
Normal levels are as follows: blood glucose level <140 mg/dL, homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (HOMA‐β) ≥40, I/I ≥0.4, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) <2.5, triglycerides (TG) <150 mg/dL, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <6.5%, gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase (γ‐GTP) ≤68 IU/L (male) and ≤38 IU/L (female), blood pressure <90 mmHg (diastolic) and <140 mmHg (systolic). CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
Statistically significant (P < 0.05).