Table 1. Demographic characteristics of patients ( n = 86).
Data given as n (%) or median [IQR].
| Group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Placebo-Placebo
( n = 21) |
Nefopam-Placebo
( n = 22) |
Placebo-Nefopam
( n = 22) |
Nefopam-Nefopam
( n = 21) |
p-value |
| Age, year | 67 [52.5-73.5] | 57.5 [53.8-63.5] | 55.5 [49.8-65.3] | 59 [54.5-68.0] | 0.082 |
| Female | 13 (61.9) | 8 (36.4) | 14 (63.6) | 12 (57.1) | 0.242 |
| Body mass index, kg/m 2 | 25.2 [22.5-32.1] | 26.3 [23.5-27.3] | 27.1 [22.6-29.4] | 26.12 [22.4-28.4] | 0.984 |
| ASA Classification | 0.118 | ||||
| I, II | 0, 12 (57.1) | 4 (18.2), 16 (72.7) | 2 (9.1), 15 (68.2) | 2 (9.5), 12 (57.1) | |
| III | 9 (42.9) | 2 (9.1) | 5 (22.7) | 7 (33.3) | |
| Type of Operation | 0.93 | ||||
| TLIF | 3 (14.3) | 0 | 0 | 2 (9.5) | |
| TPS | 17 (81) | 22 (100) | 21 (95.5) | 19 (90.5) | |
| Other | 1 (4.8) | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 0 | |
| Number of levels | 0.447 | ||||
| 1, 2 surgical level | 5 (23.8), 7(33.3) | 6 (27.3), 10(45.5) | 6 (27.3), 6 (27.3) | 8 (38.1), 3 (14.3) | |
| 3 surgical levels | 9 (42.9) | 6 (27.3) | 10 (45.5) | 10 (47.6) | |
| Preoperative pain score | 3.0 [2-5] | 3.0 [1.3-4.8] | 3.0 [0-6.0] | 4.0 [2.3-5.0] | 0.844 |
| Surgery time (min) | 264 [233-294] | 255 [208-295] | 245 [220-280] | 247 [226-321] | 0.490 |
| Anesthetic time (min) | 327 [288-372] | 300 [255-352] | 306 [289-350] | 299 [271-348] | 0.836 |
ASA Classification: American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System;
TLIF: transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; TPS: transpedicular screw.