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Stepwise in vitro differentiation of pancreatic cells from human embryonic stem cells. Stage-specific markers, regulating pathways, recombinant proteins, and small molecules added at different stages are listed. +: Positive regulation; -: Negative regulation; IDE: Induction of definitive endoderm; Shh: Sonic hedgehog; KGF: Keratinocyte growth factor; RA: Retinoic acid; PKC: Protein kinase C; ILV: Indolactum V; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; RSV: Resveratrol.
