Table 2.
Time-Varying Clinical Characteristics
| Variable | Full Sample At Index Date (N = 37 106 Residents) | All-Cause Events Analysis, Assessment Level (N = 109 240 Assessments) | Falls/Fractures Analysis, Assessment Level (N = 114 647 Assessments) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Entered from | |||
| Community | 7575 (20.4) | 22 018 (20.2) | 22 850 (19.9) |
| Hospital | 25 275 (68.1) | 74 676 (68.4) | 78 630 (68.6) |
| NH or other LTC facility | 4256 (11.5) | 12 546 (11.5) | 13 168 (11.5) |
| MDS assessment type | |||
| Admission | 4576 (12.3) | 4576 (4.2) | 4576 (4.0) |
| Quarterly | 24 434 (65.8) | 78 051 (71.4) | 81 972 (71.5) |
| Annual | 6001 (16.2) | 19 598 (17.9) | 20 575 (17.9) |
| Significant change in status | 2095 (5.6) | 7015 (6.4) | 7525 (6.6) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||
| 0–1 | 6054 (16.3) | 17 095 (15.6) | 17 639 (15.4) |
| 2–3 | 9162 (24.7) | 28 203 (25.8) | 29 371 (25.6) |
| 4–5 | 8702 (23.5) | 26 667 (24.4) | 27 994 (24.4) |
| ≥6 | 13 188 (35.5) | 37 275 (34.1) | 39 644 (34.6) |
| Makes self understood | |||
| Understood | 14 721 (39.7) | 41 022 (37.6) | 42 987 (37.5) |
| Usually understood | 9961 (26.8) | 29 437 (26.9) | 30 859 (26.9) |
| Sometimes understood | 8084 (21.8) | 24 000 (22.0) | 25 148 (21.9) |
| Rarely/never understood | 4340 (11.7) | 14 781 (13.5) | 15 654 (13.7) |
| PHQ 9 score, mean (SD) | 2.22 (3.40) | 2.16 (3.39) | 2.16 (3.40) |
| Aggressive behavior scale score, mean (SD) | 0.56 (1.34) | 0.53 (1.29) | 0.53 (1.29) |
| Activities of daily living score | |||
| 1–7 | 2849 (7.7) | 7968 (7.3) | 8359 (7.3) |
| 8–14 | 6033 (16.3) | 16 502 (15.1) | 17 268 (15.1) |
| 15–21 | 19 426 (52.4) | 56 793 (52.0) | 59 437 (51.8) |
| 22–28 | 8798 (23.7) | 27 977 (25.6) | 29 584 (25.8) |
| Urinary incontinence | |||
| Continent | 3954 (10.7) | 10 220 (9.4) | 10 720 (9.4) |
| Occasionally incontinent | 5439 (14.7) | 14 420 (13.2) | 15 114 (13.2) |
| Frequently incontinent | 12 281 (33.1) | 35 465 (32.5) | 37 093 (32.4) |
| Always incontinent | 14 644 (39.5) | 47 338 (43.3) | 49 734 (43.4) |
| Indwelling catheter | 788 (2.1) | 1797 (1.6) | 1987 (1.7) |
| Cancer | 1555 (4.2) | 4462 (4.1) | 4677 (4.1) |
| Heart failure | 5809 (15.7) | 16 697 (15.3) | 17 584 (15.3) |
| End-stage renal disease | 3419 (9.2) | 9960 (9.1) | 10 537 (9.2) |
| Short of breath | 2469 (6.7) | 6922 (6.3) | 7353 (6.4) |
| Poor appetite | 4946 (13.3) | 14 490 (13.3) | 15 276 (13.3) |
| Weight loss | 2389 (6.4) | 6952 (6.4) | 7416 (6.5) |
| Swallowing difficulty | 1247 (3.4) | 3790 (3.5) | 3999 (3.5) |
| Mechanically altered diet | 20 311 (54.7) | 56 341 (51.6) | 59 107 (51.6) |
| IV/parenteral nutrition or feeding tube | 1262 (3.4) | 2961 (2.7) | 3463 (3.0) |
| Hospice or limited prognosis | 1875 (5.1) | 6777 (6.2) | 7278 (6.3) |
| Hospitalizations/ED visits (90 d prior to index) | |||
| None | 27 980 (75.4) | ||
| Cause specific (fall, fracture, or syncope) | 3150 (8.5) | ||
| Other cause | 5976 (16.1) | ||
| AChEI at index date | |||
| Donepezil | 28 877 (77.8) | 84 455 (77.3) | 88 587 (77.3) |
| Donepezil/memantine | 832 (2.2) | 2485 (2.3) | 2564 (2.2) |
| Galantamine | 483 (1.3) | 1927 (1.8) | 2044 (1.8) |
| Rivastigmine (oral) | 5403 (14.6) | 15 825 (14.5) | 16 653 (14.5) |
| Rivastigmine (transdermal) | 1511 (4.1) | 4548 (4.2) | 4800 (4.2) |
| Memantine use | 15 199 (41.0) | 44 342 (40.6) | 46 535 (40.6) |
| Benzodiazepine and/or Z drug | 5442 (14.7) | 14 846 (13.6) | 15 706 (13.7) |
| Antipsychotic use | 9003 (24.3) | 23 999 (22.0) | 25 226 (22.0) |
| Antidepressant use | 21 071 (56.8) | 60 832 (55.7) | 63 791 (55.6) |
| Highly anticholinergic drugs (AGS Beers Criteria®) | 5519 (14.9) | 14 776 (13.5) | 15 524 (13.5) |
| Total no. of medications, mean (SD) | 5.9 (3.1) | 5.7 (3.1) | 5.7 (3.1) |
Note: Data are given as number (percentage), unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: AChEI, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; ED, emergency department; IV, intravenous; LTC, long-term care; MDS, Minimum Data Set; NH, nursing home; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire.