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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS Care. 2020 Feb 9;33(1):70–79. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1719025

Table 3.

Factors associated with visiting an HIV clinic within 12 weeks (linked to care) among HIPSS participants newly diagnosed HIV-positive during home-based HIV testing services

Linked to care Odds ratio from unadjusted logit models Adjusted odds ratio from multivariable logit models^
% (n/N) OR (95%CI) aOR (95%CI)
Baseline independent variables
Gender: female 54 (67/123) 1.00 1.00
 male 55 (33/60) 1.02 (0.55 – 1.90) 0.99 (0.51 – 1.93)
Age: 15–24 56 (27/48) 1.00 1.00
 25–34 57 (44/77) 1.04 (0.50 – 2.15) 1.06 (0.48 – 2.30)
 35–44 48 (19/40) 0.70 (0.30 – 1.63) 0.59 (0.24 – 1.45)
 45–49 55 (10/18) 0.97 (0.33 – 2.89) 0.75 (0.24 – 2.35)
Education: less than secondary 67 (8/12) 1.00 1.00
 Some secondary 58 (59/101) 0.70 (0.20 – 2.49) 0.68 (0.19 – 2.51)
 Completed secondary 42 (25/60) 0.36 (0.10 – 1.32) 0.30* (0.07 – 1.17)
 Some tertiary 80 (8/10) 2.00 (0.28 – 14.20) 1.81 (0.24 – 13.46)
Household monthly income (logged) na 1.16 (0.90 – 1.50) 1.18 (0.90 – 1.55)
Any personal monthly income: no 57 (58/102) 1.00 1.00
 yes 52 (42/81) 0.82 (0.45 – 1.47) 0.86 (0.44 – 1.67)
Married or living together: no 57 (82/144) 1.00 1.00
 yes 46 (18/39) 0.65 (0.32 – 1.32) 0.62 (0.28 – 1.37)
Ever tested for HIV: no 53 (18/34) 1.00 1.00
 yes 55 (82/149) 1.09 (0.52 – 2.30) 1.03 (0.44 – 2.38)
CD4 count (cells/μL): <200 52 (14/27) 1.00 1.00
 ≥200 55 (86/156) 0.88 (0.39 – 1.99) 0.98 (0.40 – 2.40)
Consumes alcohol: no 55 (65/118) 1.00 1.00
 yes 54 (35/65) 0.95 (0.52 – 1.75) 0.76 (0.36 – 1.63)
CES-D depression scale (0–15)a na 1.06 (0.94 – 1.19) 1.04 (0.92 – 1.18)
Perceived HIV-related stigma: no 55 (91/165) 1.00 1.00
 yes 50 (9/18) 0.81 (0.31 – 2.15) 0.87 (0.29 – 2.60)
Stigma attitudes (scale: 0–32)b na 1.02 (0.94 – 1.10) 1.01 (0.93 – 1.10)
AIDS is the worst disease I could get: disagree 60 (62/103) 1.00 1.00
 agree 48 (38/80) 0.60 (0.33 – 1.08) 0.71 (0.37 – 1.34)
Unafraid of HIV due to ART: disagree 59 (67/114) 1.00 (0.36 – 1.15) 1.00 (0.28 – 1.01)
 agree 48 (33/69) 0.64 (0.35 – 1.17) 0.54* (0.28 – 1.05)
Emotional support: none 58 (31/53) 1.00 1.00
 Yes 53 (69/130) 0.80 (0.42 – 1.53) 0.77 (0.39 – 1.54)
Exposure to HIV information (0–18) na 1.00 (0.92 – 1.09) 1.00 (0.91 – 1.10)
Know someone who died of AIDS: no 57 (71/125) 1.00 1.00
 yes 50 (29/58) 0.76 (0.41 – 1.42) 0.92 (0.47 – 1.79)
Involved in HIV-related activities: no 52 (71/137) 1.00 1.00
 yes 63 (29/46) 1.59 (0.80 – 3.15) 1.94* (0.92 – 4.08)
Distance to nearest clinic: closest 33% 57 (30/53) 1.00 1.00
 Second closest third of sample 54 (31/57) 0.91 (0.43 – 1.94) 0.79 (0.35 – 1.79)
 Furthest third of sample 53 (39/73) 0.88 (0.43 – 1.79) 0.80 (0.37 – 1.71)
Factors assessed at follow-up
Ever thought HIV-diagnosis could be wrong: no 66 (70/106) 1.00 1.00
 yes 51 (29/57) 0.53* (0.28 – 1.03) 0.46** (0.23 – 0.93)
Disclosed HIV-status to someone: no 49 (22/45) 1.00 1.00
 yes 65 (76/117) 1.94* (0.97 – 3.89) 2.31** (1.07 – 4.97)

Notes: OR: unadjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval;

**

p<0.05,

*

p<0.1

aOR: adjusted odds ratio

^

Multivariable logit models included the following control variables: age, gender, education, monthly household income (logged), and days between baseline and follow-up surveys.

a

The Cronbach’s alpha for the set of five items used to measure depression is 0.77, suggesting that the items have relatively high internal consistency.

b

The Cronbach’s alpha for the eight items used to measure stigmatising attitudes is 0.74.