Table 3.
Linked to care | Odds ratio from unadjusted logit models | Adjusted odds ratio from multivariable logit models^ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n/N) | OR | (95%CI) | aOR | (95%CI) | |
Baseline independent variables | |||||
Gender: female | 54 (67/123) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
male | 55 (33/60) | 1.02 | (0.55 – 1.90) | 0.99 | (0.51 – 1.93) |
Age: 15–24 | 56 (27/48) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
25–34 | 57 (44/77) | 1.04 | (0.50 – 2.15) | 1.06 | (0.48 – 2.30) |
35–44 | 48 (19/40) | 0.70 | (0.30 – 1.63) | 0.59 | (0.24 – 1.45) |
45–49 | 55 (10/18) | 0.97 | (0.33 – 2.89) | 0.75 | (0.24 – 2.35) |
Education: less than secondary | 67 (8/12) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Some secondary | 58 (59/101) | 0.70 | (0.20 – 2.49) | 0.68 | (0.19 – 2.51) |
Completed secondary | 42 (25/60) | 0.36 | (0.10 – 1.32) | 0.30* | (0.07 – 1.17) |
Some tertiary | 80 (8/10) | 2.00 | (0.28 – 14.20) | 1.81 | (0.24 – 13.46) |
Household monthly income (logged) | na | 1.16 | (0.90 – 1.50) | 1.18 | (0.90 – 1.55) |
Any personal monthly income: no | 57 (58/102) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 52 (42/81) | 0.82 | (0.45 – 1.47) | 0.86 | (0.44 – 1.67) |
Married or living together: no | 57 (82/144) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 46 (18/39) | 0.65 | (0.32 – 1.32) | 0.62 | (0.28 – 1.37) |
Ever tested for HIV: no | 53 (18/34) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 55 (82/149) | 1.09 | (0.52 – 2.30) | 1.03 | (0.44 – 2.38) |
CD4 count (cells/μL): <200 | 52 (14/27) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
≥200 | 55 (86/156) | 0.88 | (0.39 – 1.99) | 0.98 | (0.40 – 2.40) |
Consumes alcohol: no | 55 (65/118) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 54 (35/65) | 0.95 | (0.52 – 1.75) | 0.76 | (0.36 – 1.63) |
CES-D depression scale (0–15)a | na | 1.06 | (0.94 – 1.19) | 1.04 | (0.92 – 1.18) |
Perceived HIV-related stigma: no | 55 (91/165) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 50 (9/18) | 0.81 | (0.31 – 2.15) | 0.87 | (0.29 – 2.60) |
Stigma attitudes (scale: 0–32)b | na | 1.02 | (0.94 – 1.10) | 1.01 | (0.93 – 1.10) |
AIDS is the worst disease I could get: disagree | 60 (62/103) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
agree | 48 (38/80) | 0.60 | (0.33 – 1.08) | 0.71 | (0.37 – 1.34) |
Unafraid of HIV due to ART: disagree | 59 (67/114) | 1.00 | (0.36 – 1.15) | 1.00 | (0.28 – 1.01) |
agree | 48 (33/69) | 0.64 | (0.35 – 1.17) | 0.54* | (0.28 – 1.05) |
Emotional support: none | 58 (31/53) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 53 (69/130) | 0.80 | (0.42 – 1.53) | 0.77 | (0.39 – 1.54) |
Exposure to HIV information (0–18) | na | 1.00 | (0.92 – 1.09) | 1.00 | (0.91 – 1.10) |
Know someone who died of AIDS: no | 57 (71/125) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 50 (29/58) | 0.76 | (0.41 – 1.42) | 0.92 | (0.47 – 1.79) |
Involved in HIV-related activities: no | 52 (71/137) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 63 (29/46) | 1.59 | (0.80 – 3.15) | 1.94* | (0.92 – 4.08) |
Distance to nearest clinic: closest 33% | 57 (30/53) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Second closest third of sample | 54 (31/57) | 0.91 | (0.43 – 1.94) | 0.79 | (0.35 – 1.79) |
Furthest third of sample | 53 (39/73) | 0.88 | (0.43 – 1.79) | 0.80 | (0.37 – 1.71) |
Factors assessed at follow-up | |||||
Ever thought HIV-diagnosis could be wrong: no | 66 (70/106) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 51 (29/57) | 0.53* | (0.28 – 1.03) | 0.46** | (0.23 – 0.93) |
Disclosed HIV-status to someone: no | 49 (22/45) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
yes | 65 (76/117) | 1.94* | (0.97 – 3.89) | 2.31** | (1.07 – 4.97) |
Notes: OR: unadjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval;
p<0.05,
p<0.1
aOR: adjusted odds ratio
Multivariable logit models included the following control variables: age, gender, education, monthly household income (logged), and days between baseline and follow-up surveys.
The Cronbach’s alpha for the set of five items used to measure depression is 0.77, suggesting that the items have relatively high internal consistency.
The Cronbach’s alpha for the eight items used to measure stigmatising attitudes is 0.74.