Table 2:
Simulation Parameters
| Common simulation parameters | ||
|---|---|---|
| Timestep | dt | 2 × 10−5 |
| Minimum distance between mass nodes | dI | 0.09 |
| Ratio of max spring length to dI | ds/dI | 2.5 |
| Spring constant | ks | 1203 |
| Surface distance | dsurf | 0.15 |
| Young’s modulus of spring network | E | 105 |
| Number of nodes | Nnodes | 3780 |
| Number of springs per node | Nsprings/Nnodes | 17 |
| Spin rate | Ω | 0.7 |
| Seismic source time | τs | 0.003 |
| Seismic force | Fs | 7.0 |
| Seismic energy | Es | 0.004 |
| Impact source angle | Θi | 15° |
| Impact longitude | ϕc | 0° |
| Parameters for shape models | ||
| Cone slope | sslope | 0.8 |
| Oblate axis ratio | c/a | 0.8 |
| Parameters for individual simulations | ||
| Simulation | shape model | Impact latitude (λc) |
| Be0 | Bennu | 0° |
| Be15 | Bennu | 15° |
| Be65 | Bennu | 65° |
| Co0 | Cone | 0° |
| Co15 | Cone | 15° |
| Co65 | Cone | 65° |
| Ob0 | Oblate | 0° |
| Ob15 | Oblate | 15° |
| Ob65 | Oblate | 65° |
Notes: Units in this table are in gravitational or N-body units, as described in section 2.1. Seismic source time, force and source angle, and energy correspond to a 2 m radius impactor on Bennu giving τsfchar =2 for seismic efficiency ϵs = 10−5, seismic amplification factor S =1, ρproj = ρ, Vproj =5 km/s and quantities for Bennu listed in Table 1. ϵs, S, Vproj values are consistent with those used to create Figure 3.