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(A) Primitive mantle-normalized trace element concentrations of minor and trace elements, and (B) C1 chondrite-normalized rare earth element concentrations in phlogopite from the pipes. Shown are the compositional averages for each pipe sample. For the Valmaggia pipe, ‘center’ and ‘rim’ refer to samples collected from the inner and outer portions of the pipe. Primitive mantle values are from McDonough and Sun (1995).
