Table 2.

Cigarette smoking and mortality among current smokers in the National Health Interview Survey

		Never	Current daily	Current non-daily
				Previously daily	Lifelong non-daily
All-cause mortality
All participants (N = 70,913)	N	36,013	15,419	2,039	1,127
	Death	6,808	4,178	366	147
	HR (95% CI)a	1.00	2.50 (2.35 – 2.66)	1.62 (1.35 – 1.93)	1.72 (1.36 – 2.18)
Excluding ever users of cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, or snuff (N = 46,551)b	N	25,483	9,859	1,178	816
	Death	4,961	2,594	200	116
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.47 (2.29 – 2.68)	1.75 (1.39 – 2.21)	1.66 (1.22 – 2.26)
Additionally adjusted for second-hand smoke exposure (N = 53,834)c	N	27,049	11,993	1,419	917
	Death	5,410	3,366	272	129
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.19 (2.01 – 2.39)	1.41 (1.11 – 1.79)	1.59 (1.21 – 2.08)
Additionally adjusted for physical activity level (N =55,034)d	N	28,027	12,004	1,633	826
	Death	4,779	3,057	258	103
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.49 (2.34 – 2.65)	1.62 (1.37 – 1.92)	1.72 (1.34 – 2.21)
Additionally adjusted for income and alcohol intake (N = 42,454)e	N	21,343	9,457	1,124	673
	Death	4,324	2,648	212	97
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.39 (2.25 – 2.54)	1.61 (1.35 – 1.92)	1.62 (1.26 – 2.09)
First 5 years of follow-up (N = 70,913)	N	36,013	15,419	2,039	1,127
	Death	1,545	850	1,963	1,094
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.23 (1.95 – 2.55)	1.47 (1.09 – 1.97)	2.05 (1.32 – 3.19)
After 5 years of follow-up (N = 66,991)	N	34,382	14,568	1,963	1,094
	Death	5,263	3,328	1,673	980
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.58 (2.41 – 2.75)	1.66 (1.36 – 2.02)	1.65 (1.26 – 2.17)
Men (N = 29,943)	N	12,607	7,236	902	517
	Death	1,864	2,144	181	51
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.54 (2.33 – 2.77)	1.47 (1.13 – 1.92)	1.99 (1.39 – 2.86)
Women (N = 40,970)	N	23,406	8,183	1,137	610
	Death	4,944	2,034	185	96
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.49 (2.31 – 2.68)	1.81 (1.46 – 2.24)	1.55 (1.12 – 2.14)
Non-Hispanic white (N = 52,707)	N	25,303	11,962	1,379	586
	Death	5,277	3,306	245	68
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.69 (2.51 – 2.88)	1.71 (1.42 – 2.06)	1.38 (1.02 – 1.88)
Non-Hispanic black (N = 9,140)	N	5,007	2,124	368	259
	Death	982	637	91	51
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	1.82 (1.56 – 2.12)	1.27 (0.86 – 1.89)	2.21 (1.47 – 3.32)
Hispanic (N = 6,735)	N	4,227	958	227	227
	Death	420	162	22	23
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.14 (1.67 – 2.75)	1.76 (0.91 – 3.41)	2.05 (1.27 – 3.32)
Non-Hispanic other (N = 2,082)	N	1,329	320	60	49
	Death	111	61	8	5
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.02 (1.30 – 3.15)	2.19 (0.87 – 5.49)	0.64 (0.28 – 1.45)
Cause-specific mortality
Cancer (Death = 4,114)	Death	1,343	1,323	118	31
	HR (95% CI)a	1.00	3.25 (2.89 – 3.66)	2.37 (1.79 – 3.14)	1.50 (0.96 – 2.34)
Heart disease (Death = 3,830)	Death	1,669	782	75	37
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	2.06 (1.81 – 2.35)	1.26 (0.92 – 1.73)	1.69 (1.08 – 2.64)
Cerebrovascular disease (Death = 1,121)	Death	574	196	14	13
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	1.86 (1.49 – 2.30)	1.14 (0.58 – 2.24)	1.82 (0.85 – 3.90)
Respiratory disease (Death = 1,361)	Death	319	480	43	7
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	7.55 (6.13 – 9.29)	6.06 (3.84 – 9.58)	3.04 (1.14 – 8.07)
Other cause (Death = 6,335)	Death	2,903	1,397	116	59
	HR (95% CI)	1.00	1.94 (1.77 – 2.12)	1.07 (0.80 – 1.42)	1.69 (1.18 – 2.41)

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval

^aHR and 95% CI adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic other, and missing), education (< high school, high school, some college, college or higher, and missing), and survey year (1991, 1992, and 1995); age as the underlying time metric; baseline hazards were stratified by 5-year birth cohort; never smokers were the referent group.

^bParticipants of the 1991 or 1992 surveys after excluding 7,567 participants who reported having ever-used cigars at least 50 times, pipe at least 50 times, chewing tobacco at least 20 times, or snuff at least 20 times.

^cParticipants of the 1991 or 1992 surveys who reported whether anybody in their household smoked cigarettes.

^dParticipants of the 1991 or 1995 surveys who reported physical activity information. Additionally adjusted for physical activity (active, insufficient, and inactive).

^eAlcohol intake was assessed only in the 1991 survey.