Table 2.
Logistic regression models of risk factor for AMD
| Characteristics | Any AMD* | Early AMD* | Late AMD* | |||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (SE), years | 1.10 (1.08 to 1.11) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.07 to 1.10) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.18 to 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Female versus male | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.20) | 0.59 | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.11) | 0.22 | 2.07 (0.94 to 4.56) | 0.07 |
| Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | 0.007 | Reference | 0.022 | 0.045 | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.31 (0.18 to 0.51) | 0.31 (0.17 to 0.56) | 0.31 (0.08 to 1.17) | |||
| Mexican American | 0.53 (0.34 to 0.82) | 0.60 (0.39 to 0.93) | – | |||
| Other | 0.57 (0.30 to 1.06) | 0.60 (0.31 to 1.18) | 0.30 (0.06 to 1.59) | |||
| High school and over versus less | 0.75 (0.50 to 1.14) | 0.17 | 0.74 (0.47 to 1.16) | 0.19 | 0.82 (0.40 to 1.67) | 0.57 |
| Married/with a partner versus unmarried or other | 0.62 (0.48 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.91) | 0.010 | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.61) | 0.002 |
| Income at or above poverty versus below | 0.78 (0.55 to 1.12) | 0.17 | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.28) | 0.42 | 0.49 (0.22 to 1.08) | 0.08 |
| Former/current smoker versus non-smoker | 1.34 (1.04 to 1.72) | 0.024 | 1.35 (1.02 to 1.79) | 0.035 | 1.24 (0.58 to 2.66) | 0.57 |
| Current drinker versus abstainer/former drinker | 0.74 (0.49 to 1.12) | 0.15 | 0.79 (0.53 to 1.19) | 0.26 | 0.45 (0.20 to 1.02) | 0.05 |
| Obesity present versus absent | 0.63 (0.47 to 0.85) | 0.004 | 0.69 (0.51 to 0.94) | 0.021 | 0.26 (0.10 to 0.71) | 0.010 |
| Meet PA recommendation versus not meet | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.21) | 0.27 | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.21) | 0.27 | 0.79 (0.33 to 1.91) | 0.59 |
| High CRP present versus absent | 1.40 (0.92 to 2.13) | 0.11 | 1.38 (0.89 to 2.13) | 0.15 | 1.58 (0.60 to 4.19) | 0.34 |
| Diabetes mellitus present versus absent | 1.44 (1.06 to 1.95) | 0.020 | 1.54 (1.11 to 2.15) | 0.012 | 0.73 (0.27 to 1.98) | 0.53 |
| Hypertension present versus absent | 2.20 (1.55 to 3.13) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.49 to 3.20) | <0.001 | 2.31 (1.04 to 5.17) | 0.041 |
| Hyperlipidaemia present versus absent | 1.17 (0.82 to 1.66) | 0.38 | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.52) | 0.78 | 2.46 (1.18 to 5.14) | 0.018 |
| CKD present versus absent | 4.64 (3.32 to 6.48) | <0.001 | 4.12 (2.95 to 5.75) | <0.001 | 10.2 (4.70 to 22.3) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported CVD present versus absent | 3.47 (2.48 to 4.85) | <0.001 | 3.36 (2.42 to 4.65) | <0.001 | 4.40 (2.14 to 9.07) | <0.001 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05).
*Comparisons were between each AMD group and the no AMD group.
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PA, physical activity.