Table 4.
Summary of previous studies investigating the association between cataract surgery and AMD
| Study | Country | Age range at baseline (y) | Sample size | Design | Follow-up | Results (OR/RR/HR, 95% CI) |
Adjustments |
| Significant association | |||||||
| Liu et al9 | America | >45 | 3087 | Population-based cross-sectional | NA | AMD: 4.6 (2.5 to 8.6) | Age, sex and SBP. |
| Klein et al (BDES)10 | America | 43–86 | 3684 at 5 years; 2764 at 10 years. | Population-based cohort | 10 y | Late AMD: 3.81 (1.89 to 7.69); GA: 3.18 (1.33 to 7.60); Exudative AMD: 4.31 (1.71 to 10.9); Progression: 1.97 (1.29 to 3.02). |
Age, sex, SBP, heavy drinking and smoking, vitamin use. |
| Freeman et al (SEE, PVER, BES)11 | America | >49 | SEE: 2,520; PVER: 4,774; BES: 4396. |
Population-based cross-sectional | NA | Late AMD: 1.7 (1.1 to 2.6) | Age, race, sex and smoking. |
| Wang et al (BMES and BDES)12 | Australia and America | BMES:>49 BDES:>43 | 6019 | Population-based cohort | 5 y | Late AMD: 5.7 (2.4 to 13.6) | Age, study site, gender, smoking, reticular drusen or pigmentary abnormalities. |
| Cugati et al (BMES)13 | Australia | >49 | 2335 at 5 years; 1952 at 10 years | Population-based cohort | 10 y | Late AMD: 3.3 (1.1 to 9.9); NVAMD: 3.4 (1.1 to 10.9). |
Baseline age, gender, smoking, and early AMD. |
| Kaiserman et al14 | Israel | >50 | 5913:29 565 | Retrospective case–control | 3 y | PDT: 2.7 (2.4 to 5.7) | Age, gender, country of birth, residency, socioeconomic status, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, DM, congestive heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, and chronic renal failure. |
| Ho et al (Rotterdam Study)15 | Netherlands | >55 | 6032 | Population-based cohort | 5.7 | Dry late AMD: 3.44 (1.68 to 7.08). | Age, sex, follow-up time, smoking status and AMD stage at baseline. |
| Fraser-Bell et al (LALES)16 | America | >40 | 6357 | Population-based cross-sectional | NA | Advanced AMD: 2.8 (1.0 to 7.8); Retinal pigment: 1.6 (1.0 to 1.5); Retinal pigment epithelial depigmentation: 2.2 (1.1 to 4.4). |
Age, gender and smoking. |
| Klein et al (BDES)17 | America | 43–86 | 2626 early; 3329 late |
Population-based cohort | 20 y | Late AMD: 1.96 (1.28 to 3.02) | Age, age,2 sex, education, smoking, heavy drinking, history of CVD, DM, DBP. |
| Saraf et al18 | America | Case: 80.8±6.5 Control: 79.2±9.1 |
39:42 | Retrospective case–control | 1 y | No more injections, but more susceptibility to cystoid macular oedema or exacerbation of choroidal neovascularisation. | NA |
| Ho et al19 | China, Taiwan | >49 | 3465:10 395 | Prospective case-control | 5 y | NVAMD: 2.68 (1.55 to 4.66). | Geographical location, urbanisation level, monthly income, DM, hypertension, CVD and hyperlipidaemia. |
| Non-significant association | |||||||
| McCarty et al (VIP)20 | Australia | >40 | 4345 | Population-based cross-sectional | NA | Not significant in the multivariate model. | Age, cigarette smoker, use of ACE inhibitor, use of cholesterol-lowering medication. |
| Armbrecht et al21 | Scotland | >40 | 40:43 | Prospective case control | 1 y | Only 2% of surgical eyes progressed to wet AMD. | NA |
| Holger et al22 | Germany | – | 696:202 | Retrospective case-control | 1 y | NVAMD: 1.30 (0.52 to 3.24). | Age, baseline visual acuity. |
| Chew et al (AREDS)23 | America | 55–80 | 4577 | Cohort study | 5 y | NVAMD: 1.08 (0.65 to 1.72); Central GA: 0.98 (0.64 to 1.49). |
Baseline age, gender, race, history of smoking. |
| Hooper et al24 | Australia | 67–92 | 27:29 | Randomised controlled trial | 6 m | 3.7% of CNV in surgical group compared with none in control group (p=1.0). | NA |
| Xu et al (BES)25 | China | >40 | 3826 | Population-based cross-sectional | NA | Unilateral surgery was not associated with intereye differences in presence of early (p=0.99) or late AMD (p=0.99). | NA |
| Wang et al (CSAMD)26 | Australia | >65 | 1244 | Clinic-based cohort | 3 y | Late AMD: 0.74 (0.23 to 2.36); Early AMD: 1.07 (0.74 to 1.65). |
Age, sex, smoking or early AMD lesions at baseline. |
| Wang et al (CSAMD)27 | Australia | >65 | 1057 | Clinic-based cohort | 4–5 y | Late AMD: 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2); Early AMD: 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1). |
Age, sex, baseline AMD status. |
| Park et al28 | Korea | >40 | 17 987 | Population-based cross-sectional | NA | Any AMD: 1.02 (0.87 to 1.21); Early AMD: 0.98 (0.82 to 1.16); Late AMD: 1.42 (0.88 to 2.29). |
Age, sex, smoking status, income, education level, occupation, DM, dyslipidaemia, overweight, hepatitis B surface antigens and anaemia. |
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; AREDS, age-related eye disease study; BDES, Beaver Dam Eye Study; BES, Baltimore Eye Survey; BES, Beijing Eye Study; BMES, Blue Mountain Eye Study; CNV, choroidal neovascularisation; CSAMD, cataract surgery and age-related macular degeneration; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; GA, graphic atrophy; LALES, Los Angeles Latino Eye Study; NA, not available; NVAMD, neurovascular age-related macular degeneration; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PVER, Proyecto VER; RR, risk ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SEE, Salisbury eye evaluation; VIP, visual impairment project.