Table 1.

Overview of spine Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) studies.

ERAS Study	Surgical Procedure	Study Type	Sample Size(s)	No. of ERAS Interventions/ Protocol
Scanlon and Richards,19 2004	Lumbar laminectomy ± discectomy	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 27	13
Chin et al,20 2015	Single-level instrumented PLIF	Retrospective, noncontrolled	n = 16	8
Bednar,21 2017	Unilateral and bilateral lumbar decompression and interbody fusion, ACDF, ACDA, miscellaneous	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 124	11
Bradywood et al,22 2017	Lumbar spinal fusion	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 244 Control, n = 214	38
Debono et al,23 2017	Lumbar microdiscectomy	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 201	13
Wang et al,24 2017	Lumbar spinal fusion	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 42	17
Grasu et al,25 2018	Metastatic tumor resection	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 41 Control, n = 56	15
Wang et al,26 2018	MIS TLIF	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 38 Control, n = 15	6
Ali et al,27 2019	Elective spine or peripheral nerve surgery	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 201 Control, n = 74	16
Angus et al,28 2019	Complex spine surgery	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 214 Control, n = 412	19
Brusko et al,29 2019	Posterior lumbar fusion (open and MIS, 1–3 levels)	Controlled before-and- after study	ERAS protocol, n = 57 Control, n = 40	3
Carr et al,30 2019	Arthrodesis for spinal deformity, anterior or posterior fusion, corpectomy, pelvic fixation	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 620 Traditional, n = 183 Control, n = 129	15
Chakravarthy et al,31 2019	ACDF/PCDF, decompression, microdiscectomy, ALIF, TLIF, XLIF, anterior/posterior fusion ± instrumentation, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, tumor corpectomy/debulking	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 1770	14
Dagal et al,32 2019	Elective major spine surgery	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 267 Traditional pathway, n = 183 No intervention, n = 108	36
Debono et al,33 2019	ACDF, ALIF, PLIF	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 1920 Control, n = 1563	23
Feng et al,34 2019	MIS-TLIF	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 30 Control, n = 44	12
Sivaganesan et al,35 2019	Elective degenerative spine disease	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 151 Control, n = 1596	9
Smith et al,36 2019	1- to 2-level primary open lumbar fusion	Controlled before-and-after study	ERAS protocol, n = 123 Control, n = 230	40
Soffin et al,37 2019	ACDF and CDA	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 33 (25 ACDF, 8 CDA)	18
Soffin et al,38 2019	Lumbar decompression (laminectomy, laminotomy, microdiscectomy)	Retrospective, matched cohort	ERAS protocol, n = 18 Control, n = 18	30
Soffin et al,39 2019	MIS lumbar decompression	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 61	15
Staartjes et al,40 2019	Elective tubular microdiscectomy, mini-open decompression, MIS, ALIF, and PLIF	Prospective, noncontrolled	n = 2592	22

Abbreviations: ACDA, anterior cervical disc arthroplasty; ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; ALIF, anterior lumbar interbody fusion; CDA, cervical disc arthroplasty; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay; MIS, minimally invasive surgery; N/A, not applicable; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia; PCDF, posterior cervical discectomy and fusion; PLIF, posterior lumbar interbody fusion; POD, postoperative day; PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting; TLIF, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion; XLIF, extreme lateral interbody fusion.