Table 2.
Scientific research providing data for SCD in AMI or MINOCA/ACS-NNOCA patients
| Authors | Year | Population | Main findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lynge et al.43 | 2019 | Autopsies of 14 294 nationwide unselected deaths | Myocarditis was the cause of 6% of all autopsied SCD cases, corresponding to an SCD-myocarditis incidence of 0.16 (95% CI 0.11–0.21) per 100 000 person-years. |
| 2 | Wang et al.42 | 2019 | Meta-analysis of studies comprising patients with fulminant myocarditis (n = 158) and non-fulminant myocarditis (n = 388) | VT and VF were early characteristics of fulminant myocarditis. |
| 3 | Safdar et al.19 | 2018 | AMI patients aged 18–55 years (n = 2690), of which after coronary angiography 299 were classified as MINOCA | Four patients with MINOCA presented in cardiac arrest and received ICD. At 12 months, eight women with MINOCA had died (one with vasospasm, two with SCAD, and five with undefined MINOCA aetiology). No men with MINOCA had died. |
| 4 | Jesel et al.40 | 2018 | Cases of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy were followed up for 8 years (n = 214) | Life-threatening arrhythmias occurred in 10.7% of patients mainly in the first 24 h of hospitalization (VT/VF/cardiac arrest). In hospital and 1 year mortality were significantly reduced in this patient group. No VA recurrence was noted during follow-up. |
| 5 | Andersson et al.6 | 2018 | Patients with STE-ACS (n = 4793) triaged for acute coronary angiography | At median follow-up time of 2.6 years, SCD was the cause of death in 34 patients with obstructive CAD (6% of deaths in this group, n = 592), one patient with non-obstructive CAD (3% of deaths in this group, n = 40) and five patients with normal coronary arteries (18% of deaths in this group, n = 28). |
| 6 | El-Battrawy et al.41 | 2018 | Cases of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy were followed up for 3 years (n = 114) | Life-threatening arrhythmias were occurred in 11.4% of patients and the prognosis of these patients was significantly worse. The short-term recurrence rate of a life-threatening arrhythmia episode was 15.3% while the long-term recurrence rate was 5%. |
| 7 | Te et al.46 | 2017 | Patients with a history of myocarditis (n = 13 250) and a same size control group | After a median follow-up period of 10.4 ± 2.94 years, patients with a history of myocarditis had higher incidence of new VT events compared with healthy controls (5.4% vs. 0.47%; adjusted HR 16.1, 95% CI 2.14–2.73; P < 0.001). CV death was also more frequent in the myocarditis group (6.52% vs. 3.18%; HR 2.42, 95% CI 2.14–2.73; P < 0.001). |
| 8 | Saw et al.35 | 2017 | Patients with SCAD (n = 327) | In 8.9% VT/VF occurred (2.8% required cardioversion or ICD). |
| 9 | Luong et al.36 | 2017 | Patients with SCAD (n = 196) | In 8.1% VT/VF occurred, with 1% having cardiac arrest. |
| 10 | Bière et al.18 | 2017 | MINOCA patients with normal EF (n = 131) | 13.8% or patients had VA during hospitalization and 1 had VF. At 1-year follow-up, there were no SCD or VA recurrence. LGE transmural extent on CMR and ST-segment elevation at admission were risk factors for early VA. |
| 11 | Harmon et al.44 | 2016 | High school United States athletes with SCD or aborted SCD (n = 107) | Myocarditis was the diagnosis in 14% of autopsied cases (7 of 50). |
| 12 | Lanza et al.22 | 2016 | Patients with NSTE-ACS (n = 178) that were found to have no obstructive CAD and were followed up for 24.5 months | There were 12 deaths (6.7%) from non-CV causes and nine deaths (5.1%) from CV causes, including two (1.12%) coronary deaths, one resulting from ST elevation AMI and one from SCD. |
| 13 | Satoh et al.32 | 2013 | Patients with suspected ACS (n = 645) and with vasospastic angina (n = 90) | Incidence of aborted SCD due to VT/VF before arrival to the hospital was higher in spastic ACS than in organic ACS (with obstructive CAD) patients. Aborted SCD occurred in 6% of spastic ACS patients. |
| 14 | Bowker et al.16 | 2013 | Autopsy cases of SCD, white Caucasians, aged 16–64 (n = 692) | From cases with myocardial tissue available for examination (n = 564), the cause of SCD was found to be acute ischaemia (acute infarction with or without coronary thrombosis) in 43.1% (most frequent cause), myocardial scarring (without acute ischaemia/infarction) in 19.1%, coronary atheroma only (without acute ischaemia or scarring) in 20.2%, myocarditis in 0.7% and anomalous coronary artery in 0.2%. |
| 15 | Hill et al.53 | 2010 | Persons with SCD (n = 1647) that were referred for autopsy | 50 persons’ (3%) SCD was associated with non-atherosclerotic coronary pathology. Of these, 48% had anomalous coronary arteries, 16% had SCAD and 12% had spasm. |
| 16 | Meune et al.17 | 2003 | Patients with no obvious non-cardiac cause of out of hospital cardiac arrest (n = 300) | Coronary artery spasm was demonstrated in 10 patients (3%) after an initial coronary angiography and a second one with provocation test to those with minimal or no stenoses. |
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ACS-NNOCA, acute coronary syndrome with normal or near-normal coronary arteries; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; CV, cardiovascular; EF, ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; MINOCA, myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries; NSTE-ACS, non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes; SCAD, spontaneous coronary artery dissection; SCD, sudden cardiac death; STE-ACS, ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes; VA, ventricular arrhythmia; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.