Table 1.

Cellular functions of MJDs and mechanisms.

MJDs	Cellular functions	Substrates and mechanisms	Disease and cancer	Reference
Ataxin-3	Represses transcription expression	TAFII130, CBP, RAD23 NCoR, HDAC3, and HDAC6	Neurodegenerative disease	(Shimohata et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2000; Chai et al., 2002; Burnett et al., 2003; Evert et al., 2006)
	Maintains E3 ligase protein expression	CHIP and parkin	Neurodegenerative disease	(Connell et al., 2001; Durcan and Fon, 2011; Scaglione et al., 2011; Durcan et al., 2012; Bai et al., 2013)
	Activates AKT/mTOR pathway	Inhibits the expression of PTEN	Testicular cancer	(Shi et al., 2018)
	Decreases cell viability and migration	Expression suppressed by miR-25	Colon cancer	(Krauss et al., 2019)
Ataxin-3L	Promotes cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis	Upregulates KLF5 protein	Breast cancer	(Buus et al., 2009)
JOSD1	Promotes drive acquired chemoresistance	Upregulates MCL1 protein	Gynaecological cancer	(Wu et al., 2019)