Table 2.
Studies investigating brain structural alterations using neuroimaging in adolescent cannabis users.
| Study | CU (n) | NU (n) | Age of CU (years) | Age of NU (years) | Summary Results | Study Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnone et al. (71) | 11 | 11 | 25 (2.96) | 23.36 (0.8) | CU increased mean diffusivity in the corpus callosum | CU vs NU |
| Ashtari et al. (72) | 14 | 14 | 19.3 (0.8) | 18.5 (1.4) | CU decreased FA in Bi. posterior internal capsule, L MTG, R STG | CU vs NU |
| Battistella et al. (73) | 25 | 22 | 23 (2.2) | 25 (2.8) | CU reduced GM in temporal pole and parahippocampal gyrus | CU vs NU |
| Bava et al. (74) | 36 | 36 | 17.9 (0.9) | 17.8 (0.8) | CU lower FA in L SLF, L postcentral gyrus, Bi. crus cerebri, R STG, R IFG. CU increased FA in Cuneus, R. SLF | CU vs NU |
| Cohen et al. (75) | 19 | 17 | 21.5 (2.30) | 22.7 (2.4) | Reduced GM associated with early onset cannabis use | CU vs NU |
| Epstein and Kumra (76) | 19 | 29 | 16.6 (1.5) | 16.5 (2.2) | CU had altered FA in the L inferior longitudinal fasciculus and L inferior fronto-occipital fasculus | CU vs NU |
| Gruber et al. (77) | 25 | 18 | 23.16 (5.87) | 23.11 (3.51) | CU decreased FA in Bi. genu of corpus callosum and L internal capsule | CU vs NU |
| Gilman et al. (78) | 20 | 20 | 21.3 (1.9) | 20.7 (1.9) | CU increased GM density in the L NA, subcallosal cortex, hypothalamus and amygdala | CU vs NU |
| Koenders et al. (79) | 20 | 22 | 20.5 (2.1) | 21.6 (2.45) | No significant difference | CU vs NU |
| Lopez-Larson et al. (80) | 18 | 18 | 17.8 (1.0) | 17.3 (0.8) | CU decreased middle frontal, superior frontal and insula cortical thickness | CU vs NU |
| Medina et al. (81) | 16 | 16 | 18 (0.7) | 18 (0.9) | No significant difference in WM or hippocampal volume | CU vs NU |
| Filbey et al. (82) | Early: 20 Late: 22 |
Early: 32.5 (8.01) Late: 30.25 (7.19) |
No Significant difference in cortical thickness | Early (<16 years) Vs Late (>16 years) onset of cannabis use | ||
| Wilson et al. (83) | Early: 29 M-13, F-16 Late: 28 M-9, F-9 | Early: M-31.5 (6.5), F- 33.2 (8.5) Late: M-27.9 (6.3), F-33.1 (6.7) |
Early CU had increased WM volume | Early (<17 years) Vs Late (>17 years) onset of cannabis use |
CU, cannabis users; NU, non-cannabis using healthy controls; M, male; F, female; R, right; L, left; Bi., bilateral; WM, white matter; GM, gray matter; STG, superior temporal gyrus; MFG, middle temporal gyrus; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; SLF, superior longitudinal fasciculus; NA, nucleus accumbens; FA, functional anisotropy.