Table 4.
Imaging techniques for intra-arterial drug delivery.
| No. | Imaging modality | Tumor types | Intra-arterial administration | Results(s) and effect(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PET | Malignant gliomas of grade III or IV | 11C-BCNU (superselective) | Half-lives for the second curve components ↓, chemical and metabolic decomposition ↑ of BCNU | (185) |
| Glioblastoma | 13N-cisplatin | Ratio of integrated tumor/brain count ratios ↑ | (200) | ||
| Glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, diffuse CNS leukemia, and metastases | BCNU, 18F-FDG | Glucose metabolic values of the necrotic areas ↓ | (201) | ||
| Glioblastoma and astrocytoma | ACNU, 18F-FDG | Regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose ↓ | (202) | ||
| Malignant astrocytoma | Recombinant human TNF-alpha, hemoglobin-bound C15O (for blood volume), 18F-FDG (for glucose metabolism) | Cerebral hemocirculation and glucose metabolism in tumor ↓ | (203) | ||
| 2 | SPECT | Recurrent malignant gliomas | ACNU or cisplatin and etoposide, 99mTc-HMPAO | Homogeneous distribution with fast pulsatile infusion, inhomogeneous distribution with slow continuous infusion | (186) |
| Malignant astrocytoma, meningioma, lymphoma, germ cell tumor, metastasis, schwannoma, ependymoma | 99mTc-MIBI | MIBI-index immediately following therapy correlated with treatment response 2 months after therapy | (204) | ||
| SPECT, MRI | Cystic anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiforme | ACNU and cisplatin, 99mTc-HMPAO | Concentrations in the tumor ↑ | (205) | |
| 3 | dynamic scintigraphic imaging | Recurrent pineal blastoma, progressive oligodendroglioma, and recurrent high-grade astrocytoma (grade III or IV) | 195mPt-cisplatin | Higher local concentration of free cisplatin in tumors ↑ | (206) |
| 4 | DC-EEG | Primary CNS lymphoma | Carboplatin | Lateralized DC-EEG response from negative to positive shift to monitor blood–brain barrier disruption | (16) |
| 5 | angio-CT | Astrocytoma | ACNU, iopamidol | Contrast enhancement of the tumor ↑, the medullary veins of the tumors ↑ | (207) |
| Brain metastases from hepatocellular carcinomas | Cisplatin, iopamiron | Tumor perfusion in the vascular territory ↑ | (208) | ||
| 6 | phosphorus MRS | Recurrent mixed astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma | BCNU (superselective) | Phosphocreatine and phosphodiesters ↓, intracellular pH ↑ | (209, 210) |
| MRI, 1H-MRS | Recurrent glioblastoma | Bevacizumab (superselective) | Metabolic tCho/NAA ratio in the tumor ↓ | (194) | |
| 2D thick-slice MR-DSA | Meningiomas, gliomas, metastatic tumors, neuromas, and hemangioblastomas | Gadolinium chelates | Visualization of large cerebral arteries, venous sinuses, and most tributaries ↑, display of location, shape, and phase of tumors ↑ | (211) | |
| MRI, PET | Recurrent butterfly glioblastoma | Bevacizumab (superselective) | Direct visualization of the brain parenchyma perfused for drug targeting and brain accumulation | (212) | |
| MRI | Retinoblastoma | Melphalan, topotecan and carboplatin | To monitor tumor size and the risk factors of abnormal enhancement of the postlaminar optic nerve | (213) | |
| MRI | Brain metastases from MDA-MB-231 breast tumor in the mouse model | Docetaxel | Mean tumor apparent diffusion coefficient values ↑, tumor volume ↓ | (214) | |
| MRI | C6 glioma in the rat model | MSCs expressing ferritin heavy chain and enhanced GFP | To track the tropism and fate of MSCs after transplantation | (215) | |
| MRI, electron spin resonance spectroscopy | 9L gliosarcoma in the rat model | Magnetically-mediated retention of iron oxide nanoparticles | Nanoparticle accumulation in the tumor ↑ | (166) | |
| MRI, ultrasonic photoacoustic imaging | U87 glioma in the rat model | MSCs (conjugated with GFP) labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with gold | MSCs tracking after transplantation possible, tumor size ↓ | (216) |
ACNU, nimustine; BCNU, carmustine; CNS, central nervous system; DC-EEG, direct-current electroencephalography; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HMPAO, hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime; MIBI, hexakis-2-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; NAA, α-naphtalene acetic acid; tCho, total cholesterol; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.