Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and laboratory and echocardiographic findings of the study population
| CoV− | CoV+/TnT− | CoV+/TnT+ | P-value | Post-hoc analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 16) | (n = 18) | (n = 13) | 1 vs. 2 | 2 vs. 3 | 3 vs. 1 | ||
| Age, median (range), y | 62 ± 16 | 52 ± 13 | 66 ± 8 | 0.015 | 0.234 | 0.002 | 0.203 |
| Male, n (%) | 10 (63) | 16 (89) | 11 (85) | 0.143 | |||
| Body mass index | 25.2 ± 3.3 | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 27.9 ± 4.3 | 0.116 | |||
| Signs and symptoms at admission, n (%) | |||||||
| Fever | 0 (0) | 17 (94) | 12 (92) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1.000 | < 0.001 |
| Cough | 2 (13) | 16 (89) | 9 (69) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.208 | 0.003 |
| Shortness of breath | 6 (38) | 15 (83) | 8 (62) | 0.023 | 0.012 | 0.228 | 0.272 |
| Fatigue | 3 (19) | 12 (67) | 8 (62) | 0.012 | 0.007 | 1.000 | 0.027 |
| Chest pain | 12 (75) | 3 (17) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.225 | < 0.001 |
| Sore throat | 1 (6) | 4 (22) | 0 (0) | 0.110 | |||
| Diarrhea | 0 (0) | 5 (28) | 5 (38) | 0.029 | 0.046 | 0.701 | 0.011 |
| Chronic medical condition, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 8 (50) | 5 (28) | 10 (77) | 0.026 | 0.291 | 0.011 | 0.249 |
| Diabetes | 2 (13) | 3 (17) | 7 (54) | 0.022 | 1.000 | 0.052 | 0.041 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 2 (13) | 2 (11) | 2 (15) | 0.939 | |||
| Obesity | 2 (13) | 3 (17) | 4 (31) | 0.228 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0.513 | |||
| Chronic renal failure | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (54) | < 0.001 | N/A | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 (13) | 1 (6) | 3 (23) | 0.353 | |||
| Sleep disordered breathing | 1 (6) | 1 (6) | 3 (23) | 0.231 | |||
| Smoking habits, n (%) | |||||||
| Current smoking | 2 (13) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0.322 | |||
| Previous smoking | 2 (13) | 4 (22) | 1 (8) | 0.505 | |||
| Medication at admission, n (%) | |||||||
| ACEI or ARB | 5 (31) | 4 (22) | 7 (54) | 0.179 | |||
| Beta-blockers | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 2 (15) | 0.224 | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 4 (25) | 2 (11) | 5 (38) | 0.203 | |||
| Aspirin | 3 (19) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0.147 | |||
| Statin | 4 (25) | 1 (6) | 2 (15) | 0.282 | |||
| Insulin | 1 (6) | 2 (11) | 1 (8) | 0.873 | |||
| Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 134 ± 21 | 125 ± 23 | 125 ± 29 | 0.628 | |||
| Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) | 76 ± 14 | 71 ± 15 | 59 ± 11 | 0.007 | 0.227 | 0.034 | 0.002 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 79 ± 19 | 77 ± 11 | 68 ± 15 | 0.099 | |||
| Laboratory findings at admission, median (IQR) | |||||||
| High-sensitivity troponin T, µg/L | 8 [0–14] | 0 [0–11] | 28 [17–45] | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | < 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 51 [0–1072] | 84 [0–160] | 233 [143–1590] | 0.002 | 0.711 | < 0.001 | 0.019 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 64 [59–87] | 66 [61–81] | 121 [89–199] | 0.001 | 0.592 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Leukocytes × 106/µL | 7.7 [6.3–12.2] | 7.6 [4.8–10.5] | 6.5 [4.2–6.8] | 0.262 | |||
| Lymphocytes × 106/µL | 2.1 [1.3–3.0] | 1.0 [0.9–1.2] | 0.8 [0.6–1.1] | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.366 | 0.002 |
| Platelets × 103/µL | 270 [215–324] | 206 [158–258] | 181 [128–275] | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.380 | 0.020 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.2 [12.1–15.2] | 13.0 [12.5–14.7] | 11.8 [9.3–13.8] | 0.013 | 0.313 | 0.017 | 0.010 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 2.8 [1.0–6.8] | 129 [47–214] | 131 [91–212] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.631 | < 0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 24 [20–33] | 38 [33–105] | 34 [26–47] | 0.055 | |||
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 27 [24–44] | 45 [22–78] | 44 [24–68] | 0.480 | |||
| eGFR, mL/min | 91 ± 18 | 99 ± 20 | 53 ± 28 | < 0.001 | 0.120 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
ACEI angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitor; ARB angiotensin receptor blockade; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR interquartile range; N/A not applicable