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. 2020 Sep 9;17:136. doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01401-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Enveloped RNA viruses are inactivated by direct treatment with Echinaforce. a MERS-CoV is highly sensitive to direct Echinaforce treatment, with significant reduction in viral titer observed at 10 μg/ml and complete inactivation at 50 μg/ml. *p = 0.0144 (compared to 0 μg/ml) or p = 0.0394 (compared to 1 μg/ml) (b) SARS-CoV-1 is completely inactivated at the highest concentration with a slight but significant reduction in viral titer after exposure to 10 μg/ml. *p < 0.0001. c SARS-CoV-2 was also completely inactivated after treatment with 50 μg/ml. *p = 0.0452. d Exposure to 50 μg/ml Echinaforce leads to complete inactivation of yellow fever virus (YFV) *p = 0.0067. e Vaccinia virus and (f) mouse parvovirus (MVM) were not sensitive to Echinaforce. No effect was observed on cell viability (right y-axis, (a), (b), (c) and (d)). Data shown are representative of two independent experiments (mean ± sd)