Table 1.

Measures for moving DC equilibrium effort choice from low to high level

Model mechanism	Action items
	Digital citizen	Social media platforms	Governments
Mechanism 1: decrease q or increase ω (expand the high-effort area; Fig. 4)	Education and training for individual assessment of fake news (media literacy)	Algorithms to detect fake news Crowdsourcing capabilities for detection Collaboration on research about impacts of fake news	Guidelines and protocols for social media platforms Regulatory standards and enforcement
Mechanism 2: increasing ρ to ρ’ (reduce the DC’s consumer utility of engaging with fake news; Fig. 5)	Identification with increased ethical standards of the DC’s personal social network	Cultivation of a shared online standard of conduct regarding the treatment of fake news