Table 2.
Hazard ratios for maternal chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease by history of stillbirth, among women delivering between 1973 and 2012 in Sweden
| n | Model 1 (Age-adjusted) |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 (Fully adjusted) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||
| No stillbirth | 17,815 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Any stillbirth | 202 | 1.58 (1.38–1.82) | 1.44 (1.25–1.66) | 1.41 (1.23–1.62) | 1.26 (1.09–1.45) |
| No stillbirth | 17,815 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Antepartum stillbirth | 184 | 1.62 (1.40–1.87) | 1.47 (1.27–1.70) | 1.44 (1.24–1.67) | 1.28 (1.11–1.49) |
| Intrapartum stillbirth | 18 | 1.29 (0.81–2.04) | 1.18 (0.74–1.87) | 1.17 (0.74–1.85) | 1.07 (0.67–1.69) |
| End-stage renal disease | |||||
| No stillbirth | 1249 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Any stillbirth | 34 | 3.51 (2.46–5.02) | 3.26 (2.27–4.68) | 3.11 (2.17–4.47) | 2.25 (1.55–3.25) |
| No stillbirth | 1,249 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Antepartum stillbirth | 30 | 3.62 (2.48–5.26) | 3.35 (2.29–4.90) | 3.19 (2.18–4.66) | 2.27 (1.54–3.35) |
| Intrapartum stillbirth | 4 | 2.77 (0.89–8.61) | 2.61 (0.84–8.12) | 2.53 (0.81–7.88) | 2.02 (0.65–6.29) |
HRs represent separate Cox regression models for associations between stillbirth and maternal chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. In all models, delivery of a stillbirth was a time-dependent variable, where maternal exposure status was based on the date of first stillbirth.
Model 1 adjusted for maternal age, stratified by year of delivery.
Model 2 adjusted for maternal age, country of origin, maternal education and parity, stratified by year of delivery.
Model 3 adjusted for maternal age, country of origin, maternal education, parity, antenatal BMI, smoking and maternal exposure to gestational diabetes (time-dependent covariate), stratified by year of delivery.
Model 4 adjusted for maternal age, country of origin, maternal education, parity, antenatal BMI, smoking, and maternal exposure to gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and SGA delivery (time-dependent covariates), stratified by year of delivery.
Women with pre-pregnancy history of renal disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, hemoglobinopathy or coagulopathy were excluded at baseline.
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; SGA, small for gestational age.
Barrett et al. Stillbirth is associated with increased risk of long-term maternal renal disease: a nationwide cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020.