Table 2.
Sample characteristics.
| Author | Location | Sample size, n | Proportion of mothers, % | Sample | Child's age | Parent's age (years) |
| AlSaadi [34] | Saudi Arabia | 500 | —a | Clinical | <5 y (63.3%) >5 y (36.7%) |
— |
| Baker et al [42] | Ireland | 167 | 81 | Clinical | Mean 11.9 y (SD 4) |
<20 (12%) 20-35 (7%) 35-50 (75%) 50-65 (7%) |
| Balkhi et al [39] | United States | 209 | 72 | Clinical | Mean 12.26 y (SD 4.7) |
Mean 42.15 (SD 8.94) |
| Boston et al [46] | United States | 204 | 64 | Clinical | — | Mean 34, range 16-65 |
| Dhillon et al [54] | Canada | 90 | 67 | Clinical | 2-148 days | Median 32 |
| Glynn et al [56] | Ireland | 501 | 75 | Clinical | — | <18 (2%) 18-40 (68%) 41-65 (30%) >65 (<1%) |
| Hand et al [47] | Ireland | 214 | 79 | Clinical | — | <18 (1%) 18-40 (77%) 41-65 (21%) |
| Harvey et al [59] | Ireland | 100 | 81 | Clinical | <3 y (35%) 4-6 y (15%) 7-9 y (13%) 10-12 y (16%) >12 y (21%) |
— |
| Ikemba et al [37] | United States | 275 | 45 | Clinical | Mean 4.3 y, range 7 d-24 y |
— |
| Kasparian et al [33] | Australia | 132 | 63 | Clinical | Mean 21.8 months (SD 5.6) |
Mean 35.2 (SD 7) |
| Knapp et al [57] | United States | 129 | 90 | Clinical | Mean 9.9 y (SD 6.1) |
Mean 42.9 (SD 11.7) |
| Lai and Mallory [43] | United States | 467 | — | Clinical | — | — |
| Massin et al [38] | Belgium | 389 | 47 | Clinical | Mean 6 y (SD 4.9) |
— |
| McRee et al [58] | United States | 848 | 92 | Nonclinical | First sample: Mean 14.7 y (SD 3.5); Second sample: Mean 13.9 y (SD 2.2) |
First sample: <45 (28.2%) >45 (71.8%); Second sample: <45 (63.5%) <45 (36.5%) |
| Naftel et al [41] | United States | 300 | — | Clinical | Mean 8.2 y (SD 5.8) |
Mean 36.7 (SD 10.4) |
| Nicholl et al [44] | Ireland | 93 | 87 | Clinical | <1 y (4%) 1-3 y (20.5%) 4-7 y (28.2%) 8-12 y (23.9%) 13-19 y (12.8%) 20-29 y (7.7%) 30-39 y (2.6%) |
18-34 (24%) 35-49 (67%) 50-64 (10%) |
| Nogueira et al [48] | Brazil | 132 | 83 | Clinical | range 2-14 y | Mean 42, range 18-66 |
| Opeoluwa et al [60] | Nigeria | 142 | 100 | Clinical | — | <20 (31.2%) 21-30 (42.2%) 31-40 (22%) >40 (4.6%) |
| Pehora et al [61] | Canada | 146 | — | Clinical | — | — |
| Porter and Edirippulige [40] | Australia | 166 | 89 | Clinical | <1 y (6%) 1-2 y (11%) 2-5 y (26%) 5-10 y (23%) 10-15 y (20%) 15-18 y (9%) 18-21 y (5%) |
18-34 (29%) 34-49 (67%) 50-64 (4%) |
| Sage et al [35] | United States | 70 | 81 | Clinical | Mean 12 y (SD 2.6) |
Mean 42.9 (SD 7.1) |
| Sebelefsky et al [62] | Austria | 500 | 82 | Clinical | Mean 2.4 y (SD 2.6) |
Mean 34 (SD 6.4) |
| Semere et al [49] | United States | 150 | 83 | Clinical | — | Mean 35 (SD 11) |
| Shah et al [36] | United States | 122 | 77 | Clinical | — | — |
| Shroff et al [53] | United States | 262 | 84 | Clinical | Median 4 y (IQR 1.3-11) |
Median 31 (IQR 25-37) |
| Sim et al [50] | United Kingdom | 271 | 70 | Clinical | — | — |
| Skranes et al [63] | Norway | 99 | 100 | Nonclinical | Mean 1.6 y, range 0.3-11 y |
Mean 33.1, range 21-58 |
| Slomian et al [52] | Belgium | 349 | 100 | Nonclinical | Mean 12.7 months (SD 14.5) |
Mean 30.6 (SD 4.05) |
| Tozzi et al [45] | Italy | 516 | 68 | Clinical | Mean 10.3 y (SD 9) |
Mean 42.7 (SD 9) |
| Tuffrey and Finlay [55] | United Kingdom | 485 | — | Clinical | Mean 6.3 y, range 4 weeks-23 y |
— |
| Whyte and Hunter [64] | United Kingdom | 245 | — | Clinical | — | — |
| Wong et al [51] | Singapore | 84 | 63 | Clinical | Sample 1: median 5.1 y (range 0.2-15.7); Sample 2: median 9.8 y (range 0.6-15.9) |
— |
| Yardi et al [14] | Australia | 308 | — | Clinical | — | <25 (7%) 25-44 (76%) 45-55 (15%) >55 (2%) |
| Total | N/Ab | N=8665 | 77.86c | N/A | N/A | N/A |
aNot available (exact numbers are not given by the author).
bN/A: not applicable.
c4758/6111. Calculated from the studies (n=26) that provided information on parental gender.