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. 2020 Aug 25;22(8):e17239. doi: 10.2196/17239

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©Hui Zhao, Sowmyasri Muthupandi, Soundar Kumara. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 25.08.2020.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Relationship among referral websites and LOPs and IOPs based on real data.The pink nodes are the IOPs, the green nodes are the LOPs and the blue nodes are their referral websites. LOPs: legitimate online pharmacies; IOPs: illicit online pharmacies.