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. 2020 Sep 8;11:4465. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18267-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Cytoskeleton staining of MC3T3-E1 cells with FITC-tagged phalloidin (green) and DAPI (blue) after co-culturing with TiO₂ or TiO₂/GDY nanofibers for 24 h; scale bar = 50 μm (above); 25 μm (below) (n = 3 independent experiments). b SEM images showing the MC3T3-E1 cell morphology on nanofibers (scale bar = 10 μm).(n = 3 independent experiments). c Illustration of the states of cell adhesion on different nanofibers. d Live/dead staining with calcein AM (green) for live cells and PI (red) for dead and apoptotic MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with nanofibers (scale bar = 50 μm). e Ratio of PI- and calcein AM-stained positive cells quantitated from the live/dead stain. (n = 3). f Cell proliferation assay for MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with TiO₂ or TiO₂/GDY nanofibers for 1, 3, and 5 days. The data of e, f are shown as the mean ± S. D., error bars = Standard Deviation (n = 3 independent experiments, one-way ANOVA was applied for statistical analysis, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). Source data of e, f are provided as a Source Data file.