(A) Conventional flow cytometry performed on LN GCBC and CD19hi MBC depicting the expression of Bcl6, T-bet, and CXCR5 expression of an HIV-infected individual. Red pattern and numbers identify Bcl6 frequencies within each quadrant. (B) Conventional flow cytometry performed on tonsillar B cells isolated from HIV-negative donors depicting Bcl6 and T-bet expression before and after 48 hours of stimulation of IgD+ cells with anti-human BCR and CD40L with or without IFN-γ or IL-21. (C) Histograms and comparison (n = 10) of T-bet and CXCR5 protein expression under conditions in (B). (D) Comparison (n = 6) of gene expression for TBX21, S1PR2, and BACH2 under conditions in (B). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranked test.