Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups
| Variables | Total (n = 693) | IPA group (n = 21) | Control group (n = 672) | p-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, median, IQR) | 61.0 (36.0–76.0) | 67.0 (61.0–82.0) | 60.0 (36.0–76.0) | < 0.001 |
| Male (n, %) | 461 (66.5) | 18 (85.7) | 443 (65.9) | 0.058 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 24.4 ± 3.6 | 21.5 ± 0.4 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 0.014 |
| Comorbidities (n, %) | 402 (58.0) | 18 (85.7) | 384 (57.1) | 0.009 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 92 (13.3) | 15 (71.4) | 77 (11.5) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 72 (10.4) | 4 (19.0) | 68 (10.1) | 0.338 |
| COPD | 40 (5.8) | 6 (28.6) | 34 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Asthma | 19 (2.7) | 3 (14.3) | 16 (2.4) | 0.009 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 16 (2.3) | 2 (9.5) | 14 (2.1) | 0.134 |
| Malignant solid tumor | 16 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (2.4) | > 0.999 |
| Chronic congestive heart failure | 3 (0.4) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking history (n, %) | 243 (35.1) | 7 (33.3) | 236 (35.1) | 0.866 |
| Alcoholism history (n, %) | 92 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | 92 (13.7) | 0.135 |
| Antibiotics use before admission (n, %) | 587 (84.7) | 15 (71.4) | 572 (85.1) | 0.159 |
| Clinical characteristics (n, %) | ||||
| Confusion | 32 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (4.8) | 0.620 |
| SBP < 90 mmHg | 8 (1.2) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (1.0) | 0.593 |
| Leukocytes > 10 × 109/L | 118 (17.0) | 15 (71.4) | 103 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
| Lymphocytes < 0.8 × 109/L | 299/677 (44.2) | 15 (71.4) | 284/656 (43.3) | 0.011 |
| HB < 100 g/L | 69 (10.0) | 5 (23.8) | 64 (9.5) | 0.075 |
| Albumin < 35 g/L | 58/639 (9.1) | 6 (28.6) | 52/618 (8.4) | 0.006 |
| BG > 11 mmol/L | 48 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (7.1) | 0.405 |
| BUN > 7 mmol/L | 183/685 (26.7) | 9 (42.9) | 174/664 (26.2) | 0.090 |
| Serum PCT > 0.1 ng/ml | 248/541 (45.8) | 2 (9.5) | 246/520 (47.3) | 0.001 |
| PO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg | 340/639 (53.2) | 16 (76.2) | 324/618 (52.4) | 0.032 |
| Radiology (n, %) | ||||
| Cavity | 19 (2.7) | 3 (14.3) | 16 (2.4) | 0.009 |
| Multiple nodules | 151 (21.8) | 8 (38.1) | 143 (21.3) | 0.116 |
| ICs use before IPA diagnosis (n, %) | 3 (0.4) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Systemic corticosteroids use before IPA diagnosis (n, %) | 132 (19.0) | 18 (85.7) | 114 (17.0) | < 0.001 |
| Dose of systemic corticosteroids a (mg/kg, mean ± SD) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.853 |
| Early NAIs b use (n, %) | 232 (33.3) | 10 (47.6) | 222 (33.0) | 0.163 |
| Coinfection with other community-acquired pathogens (n, %) | 265 (38.2) | 3 (14.3) | 262 (39.0) | 0.016 |
IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SBP systolic blood pressure, RR respiratory rates, WBC white blood cell count, HB hemoglobin, BG blood glucose, BUN blood urea nitrogen, PCT procalcitonin, PO2/FiO2 arterial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspiration oxygen, ICs inhaled corticosteroids, NAIs neuraminidase inhibitors; a: methylprednisolone or its equivalent; b: Neuraminidase inhibitors refer to any dose of oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir; a: IPA group vs control group. The bolded values are p-values < 0.05, which represent significant differences between subgroups