Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample by prenatal marijuana use status.a
| Unweighted N | Marijuana Use During Pregnancy% (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 9013 | 4.2 (3.8–4.7) | |
| State | |||
| Alaska | 2003 | 6.6 (5.4–8.1) | |
| Hawaii | 4051 | 2.8 (2.3–3.4) | |
| Vermont | 2959 | 5.5 (4.8–6.5) | |
| Total% (95% CI) | Prenatal marijuana user (unweighted n = 463) % (95% CI) | Nonuser (unweighted n = 8549) % (95% CI) | |
| Maternal age (years)b | |||
| < 18 | 2.2 (1.9–2.7) | 5.4 (3.1–9.3) | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) |
| 18–24 | 30.5 (29.3–31.8) | 47.3 (41.7–53.1) | 29.8 (28.5–31.0) |
| 25–29 | 28.2 (27.0–29.4) | 20.8 (17.0–25.2) | 28.5 (27.3–29.8) |
| 30–34 | 23.7 (22.6–24.8) | 16.7 (12.9–21.3) | 24.0 (22.9–25.1) |
| ≥35 | 15.3 (14.4–16.3) | 9.7 (6.7–13.9) | 15.6 (14.7–16.6) |
| Race/ethnicityb | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 44.4 (43.3–45.5) | 54.3 (48.6–59.9) | 44.0 (42.8–45.1) |
| Other | 55.6 (54.5–56.7) | 45.7 (40.1–51.4) | 56.0 (54.9–57.2) |
| Marital statusb | |||
| Not married | 39.1 (37.8–40.3) | 71.8 (66.5–76.6) | 37.6 (36.3–38.9) |
| Married | 60.9 (59.7–62.2) | 28.2 (23.4–33.5) | 62.4 (61.1–63.7) |
| Educationb | |||
| < 12 Years | 9.1 (8.4–9.9) | 19.8 (15.3–25.2) | 8.6 (7.9–9.4) |
| 12 Years | 37.7 (36.4–39.0) | 41.8 (36.3–47.5) | 37.5 (36.2–38.8) |
| > 12 Years | 53.2 (51.9–54.5) | 38.4 (33.2–44.0) | 53.9 (52.5–55.2) |
| Health insurance coverage during pregnancyb,c | |||
| Private/Military | 62.9 (61.6–64.1) | 30.5 (25.4–36.1) | 64.3 (63.0–65.5) |
| Medicaid/IHS/Other | 35.3 (34.1–36.5) | 67.9 (62.3–73.1) | 33.8 (32.6–35.1) |
| None | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 1.6 (0.7–3.5) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) |
| Prenatal WIC enrollmentb | |||
| Yes | 46.8 (45.5–48.1) | 69.0 (63.5–73.9) | 45.8 (44.5–47.2) |
| No | 53.2 (51.9–54.5) | 31.0 (26.1–36.5) | 54.2 (52.8–55.5) |
| Household incomeb | |||
| < $20,000 | 31.2 (30.0–32.5) | 54.6 (48.8–60.4) | 30.2 (28.9–31.5) |
| $20,000–49,999 | 32.5 (31.2–33.8) | 30.9 (25.7–36.6) | 32.6 (31.2–33.9) |
| ≥$50,000 | 36.3 (35.0–37.6) | 14.5 (10.7–19.3) | 37.3 (35.9–38.6) |
| Number of previous live birthsb | |||
| 1+ | 55.5 (54.2–56.8) | 48.3 (42.6–54.0) | 56.1 (54.8–57.5) |
| None | 44.5 (43.2–45.8) | 51.7 (46.0–57.4) | 43.9 (42.5–45.2) |
| Prenatal care initiationb | |||
| First trimester | 85.3 (84.3–86.2) | 76.0 (70.7–80.7) | 85.7 (84.7–86.6) |
| Second trimester | 12.3 (11.5–13.2) | 16.7 (12.8–21.5) | 12.2 (11.3–13.1) |
| Third trimester or none | 2.3 (2.0–2.8) | 7.3 (4.7–11.1) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) |
| Pregnancy intentionb | |||
| Intended | 56.6 (55.3–58.0) | 43.6 (38.0–49.3) | 57.2 (55.8–58.6) |
| Unintended | 43.4 (42.0–44.7) | 56.4 (50.7–62.0) | 42.8 (41.4–44.2) |
| Number of stressful life events 12 months before baby was bornb | |||
| None | 32.5 (31.2–33.8) | 11.2 (8.1–15.4) | 33.4 (32.1–34.7) |
| 1–2 | 41.7 (40.4–43.0) | 28.3 (23.5–33.6) | 42.3 (40.9–43.6) |
| 3–5 | 20.9 (19.8–22.0) | 35.6 (30.2–41.3) | 20.2 (19.1–21.3) |
| 6–13 | 5.0 (4.4–5.6) | 25.0 (20.1–30.5) | 4.1 (3.6–4.7) |
| Cigarette smoking during pregnancyb | |||
| Yes | 13.7 (12.8–14.6) | 43.0 (37.4–48.8) | 12.4 (11.6–13.3) |
| No | 86.3 (85.4–87.2) | 57.0 (51.2–62.6) | 87.6 (86.7–88.4) |
| Drinking during last 3 months of pregnancyb | |||
| No alcohol use | 91.9 (91.2–92.5) | 82.9 (78.3–86.8) | 92.3 (91.6–92.9) |
| Any alcohol use but no binge drinking | 7.1 (6.5–7.7) | 14.2 (10.7–18.5) | 6.8 (6.2–7.4) |
| Binge drinking | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 2.9 (1.4–5.7) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Physical abuse 12 months before or during pregnancyb | |||
| None | 95.7 (95.1–96.2) | 79.1 (73.6–83.7) | 96.4 (95.9–96.9) |
| Before pregnancy only | 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | 8.1 (5.2–12.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) |
| During pregnancy only | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 3.2 (1.4–7.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| During and before pregnancy | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 9.6 (6.7–13.7) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) |
| Low birthweight infant | |||
| Yes | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) | 5.9 (4.8–7.2) | 5.3 (5.1–5.5) |
| No | 94.7 (94.5–94.9) | 94.1 (92.8–95.2) | 94.7 (94.5–94.9) |
| Preterm infant | |||
| Yes | 7.1 (6.6–7.6) | 7.2 (5.1–9.9) | 7.1 (6.5–7.6) |
| No | 92.9 (92.4–93.4) | 92.8 (90.1–94.9) | 92.9 (92.4–93.5) |
| Term low birthweight infant | |||
| Yes | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | 2.0 (1.9–2.2) |
| No | 98.0 (97.8–98.1) | 97.5 (96.7–98.2) | 98.0 (97.8–98.1) |
| Attendance at 1-week infant check-up | |||
| Yes | 93.6 (92.8–94.2) | 91.4 (86.7–94.5) | 93.7 (92.9–94.3) |
| No | 6.4 (5.8–7.2) | 8.6 (5.5–13.3) | 6.3 (5.7–7.1) |
| NICU admissionb | |||
| Yes | 8.1 (7.5–8.8) | 6.0 (4.6–7.9) | 8.2 (7.5–8.9) |
| No | 91.9 (91.2–92.5) | 94.0 (92.1–95.4) | 91.8 (91.1–92.5) |
| Length of stay among NICU infants | |||
| ≤2 days | 21.1 (17.6–25.2) | 16.7 (7.9–31.8) | 21.3 (17.6–25.4) |
| 3–5 days | 26.1 (22.3–30.3) | 18.8 (9.5–33.7) | 26.3 (22.4–30.7) |
| 6–14 days | 29.7 (26.2–33.5) | 36.6 (24.8–50.4) | 29.5 (25.8–33.4) |
| > 14 days | 23.1 (20.4–26.0) | 27.9 (19.3–38.4) | 22.9 (20.1–26.0) |
CI: confidence interval, IHS: Indian Health Service.
a
Includes Alaska (2009–2010), Hawaii (2009–2011), and Vermont (2009–2011) (unweighted n = 9013).
b
Significant differences using chi-square test, p < 0.05.
c
Military Insurance includes TRICARE, other military health insurance. Other includes state-specific State Children’s Health Insurance Program or Children’s Health Insurance Program.