Table I.
Characteristics of included studies.
| First author (year) | Study design | Country | Sex/age (years) | Orthopedic surgery | Intervention arms | Sample size | Assessment schedule/Assessment tool/ interpretation | Results | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elmali (2017) | RCT | Turkey | 69% male, 31% female/mean, | Arthroscopy, implant removal, osteotomy, | 20 min comedy video + standard care | 30 | Before, immediately after, 30 min after | Statistical significant reduction of pain scores | (19) |
| 37.41+14.82 | hallux valgus surgery, mass excision | 20 min non-comedy video + standard care | 30 | intervention/Visual Analogue Scale/0=no | in both intervention groups with no pain | ||||
| Standard care | 30 | pain, 100=as bad as it could be | reduction in the control group. | ||||||
| Schneider (2018) | Single-arm study | US | 79% male, 21% female/mean, 61.75 | Total hip replacement, fractured hip repair, repair of upper extremity fracture, ankle fractures | 35 min individual music therapy with CD player and headphones | 65 | Before, after intervention/Visual Analogue Scale/1=least intense pain, 10=most intense pain | Statistically significant reduction of pain after listening. to music | (20) |
| Lim (2014) | Single-arm study | Singapore | 28% male, 72% female/range, 21-75 | Total knee hip replacement | 1 h/session breathing exercises, muscle relaxation, guided imagery; total 3 sessions | 18 | Before, after intervention/Numerical Pain Rating Scale/0=no pain, 10=unbearable pain | Statistically significant reduction of pain with the intervention | (21) |
| Charette (2015) | RCT | Canada | 18% male, 72% female/mean, 15+2.15 | Post spinal fusion | CD with information and guided imagery plus relaxation exercises, 3x/week at home + standard care | 20 | Before surgery, day of discharge, 14 days post-op, 30 days post-OP/Brief Pain Inventory/0=no pain; 10=worst possible pain | Significant reduction of pain scores in the intervention group at all follow-up time points. | (18) |
| Standard care | 20 | ||||||||
| Büyükyilmaz (2013) | RCT | Turkey | 30% male, 70% female/mean (range), 58.2 (24-83) | Total hip or knee arthroplasty | Relaxation techniques (rhythmic respiration, music relaxation techniques, listening to music, back massage) | 30 | Before, immediately after, 1 h after, 2 h after intervention/Visual Analogue Scale/1=least | Significant reduction of pain scores in the intervention group at all follow-up time-points. | (17) |
| Standard care | 30 | intense pain, 10=most intense pain |
All studies were single-center studies. RCT, randomized controlled trial; CD, compact disc.