Figure 1.

The queen pheromone neocembrene inhibits the rearing of new sexuals in the pharaoh ant M. pharaonis. The figure shows the likelihood (log₂ odds ratio) for adult sexuals (queens or males) to be reared when administering different doses of neocembrene (in queen equivalents, QE) compared to the control condition, with 95% confidence intervals based on a binomial GLMM. A value of zero represents no difference between treatment and control groups, a value of 1 = a twofold increase in the proportion of surviving offspring, whereas a value of −1 = a twofold decrease. The proportions of sexuals (queens and males) reared in the control groups are shown in the bar charts on the left. N = 9 colonies for the controls and 10 QE and N = 5 colonies for the remaining treatments. Significance levels: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.