Table 3.
Cohort Characteristics According to ACEI/ARB Use
| Variables, Mean (SD) | No ARB nor ACE Inhibitors |
ARB or ACE Inhibitors |
P∗ |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 138 | n = 63 | ||
| Age, y | 86.0 (8.6) | 86.9 (6.3) | .46 |
| Women, % (n) | 65.2 (90) | 71.4 (45) | .48 |
| Nursing home living, % (n) | 67.4 (93) | 52.4 (33) | .06 |
| Activities of daily living, % (n) | |||
| 0–2 | 58.4 (80) | 42.9 (27) | |
| 2–4 | 24.8 (34) | 27.0 (17) | .06 |
| 4–6 | 16.8 (23) | 30.2 (19) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 (6.2) | 24.5 (5.6) | .47 |
| Comorbidity, % (n) | |||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 2.98 (2.18) | 3.59 (2.29) | .07 |
| Dementia | 93.5 (129) | 77.8 (49) | .003 |
| Cancer | 17.5 (24) | 19.0 (12) | .95 |
| Stroke or TIA | 20.3 (28) | 31.7 (20) | .11 |
| Chronic heart failure | 31.2 (43) | 42.9 (27) | .15 |
| Hypertension | 48.6 (67) | 92.1 (58) | <.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 34.1 (47) | 34.9 (22) | .99 |
| Coronary artery disease | 18.8 (26) | 33.3 (21) | .04 |
| COPD | 14.5 (20) | 17.5 (11) | .74 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17.4 (24) | 23.8 (15) | .38 |
| Depression | 44.2 (61) | 50.8 (32) | .47 |
| Anemia† | 41.9 (57) | 53.2 (33) | .18 |
| Malnutrition | 76.2 (93) | 70.7 (41) | .54 |
| Medication, % (n) | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 12.3 (17) | 28.6 (18) | .009 |
| Diuretics | 22.6 (31) | 38.7 (24) | .03 |
| Beta-blockers | 39.9 (55) | 51.6 (32) | .16 |
| Anticoagulants | 25.4 (35) | 25.8 (16) | .99 |
| Antiplatelets | 20.3 (28) | 35.5 (22) | .03 |
| Antidepressants | 52.2 (72) | 58.1 (36) | .54 |
| Neuroleptics | 24.6 (34) | 21.0 (13) | .70 |
| Benzodiazepines | 55.8 (77) | 53.2 (33) | .85 |
| PPI | 39.1 (54) | 45.2 (28) | .52 |
| Symptoms, % (n) | |||
| Fever (>37.8°C) | 83.3 (115) | 79.4 (50) | .63 |
| Dyspnea | 27.5 (38) | 31.7 (20) | .66 |
| Coughing | 31.4 (43) | 33.3 (21) | .91 |
| SpO2 <90% | 4.62 (6) | 3.28 (2) | .97 |
| Digestive symptoms | 10.9 (15) | 7.94 (5) | .70 |
| Falls | 13.8 (19) | 9.52 (6) | .54 |
| Severe hypotension (SBP <95 mm Hg) | 1.5 (2) | 4.1 (2) | .30‡ |
| Biological characteristics | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.6 (1.8) | 12.1 (1.5) | .05 |
| WBC, × 109/L | 6.69 (3.40) | 7.23 (4.65) | .35 |
| Lymphocytes, × 109/L | 1.25 (0.76) | 1.44 (0.91) | .13 |
| Platelets, × 109/L | 212 (73) | 222 (116) | .50 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 88.4 (39.4) | 85.6 (34.4) | .64 |
| eGFR (CKD EPI formula) | |||
| ≥50 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 72.0 (95) | 64.0 (32) | |
| 30–50 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 19.0 (25) | 32.0 (16) | .12 |
| <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 9.1 (12) | 4.0 (2) | |
| Albumin, g/L | 34.4 (3.9) | 37.0 (16.7) | .11 |
| Albumin <35 mg/mL | 53.8 (63) | 54.2 (26) | .99 |
| LDH, UI/L | 247 (78) | 292 (201) | .11 |
| CRP, mg/L | 36.6 (45.3) | 37.9 (56.7) | .86 |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate estimated with CKD EPI formula; TIA, transient ischemic attack; WBC, white blood cells.
∗
P values from t test or χ2.
†
Anemia according to World Health Organization definition: hemoglobin <130 g/L in men and <120 g/L in women.
‡
Fisher exact test.