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Infection thread formation on white clover by strain TA1 and its nodD mutant derivatives containing the reporter plasmid pPR3. The number of ITs per strain was observed at seven dpi on 10 plants, each represented by a symbol. The error bars represent ± the SEM. The asterisks indicate significant difference from the wild type (one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons post hoc test, **, P < 0.01).
