FIG 2.

Recovery rates and gut microbial changes for honey bees returned to the hive after oral exposure to 0.1% Roundup formulation. (A) Experimental design. (B) Number of worker bees recovered from the hive at day 3 posttreatment (***, P < 0.001, chi-squared test). (C to G) Scatterplots of bacterial abundances in the guts of control and treatment bees sampled at days 0, 3, and 5 posttreatment (n = 15 for each group and time point), with error bars indicating 95% confidence intervals. Total 16S rRNA gene copies were estimated by qPCR and corrected for rRNA operon number per genome. Generalized linear mixed-effects models assuming Poisson regression were used to compare changes in bacterial abundances between control and treatment bees per sampling time. Mixed models were fitted using the package lme4 and followed by post hoc tests using package emmeans (86). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001.