Table 2.

GWAS studies for SARS-COV and SARS-COV-2 studies : overview of genes, genetic mutations, statistical significance, clinical manifestations and demographics involved in human viral immune response.

Official Gene symbol	Genotype and inheritance pattern	Clinical manifestation	Demographics of affected patients	PMID
CD14	CD14-159CC	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoVP = 0.04; odds ratio, 2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 5.54	152 Hong Kong patientsand 198 controls	17913858
HLA-B		Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS CoV	90 Chinese unrelated patients of ages 22–85 yearscontrol is overall Hong Kong population of 18774	15243926
	HLA-B*0703	OR1, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.03–8.18; P = .00072 [Bonferroni-corrected P value, P(c) <.0022
	>HLA-DRB1*0301	OR, 0.06; 95%, 0.01–0.47; P = .00008 [after Bonferroni correction, P<.0042
FCGR2A	HomozygousFcγRIIA‐R/R131	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS CoV (P = 0.03; odds ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–9.1)	26 ICU2 patients unrelated people from Hong Kong and200 controls	16185324
	CCL2 G-2518A	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS CoVP = 1.6 × 10(-4) OR 1.48 with 95% confidence interval (1.21 – 1.82)	932 Chinese descendants patients and 982 controls	25818534
		Susceptibility to developing SARSP < 0.0001, OR = 2.80, 95%CI:2.11–3.71)	495 SARS patients (Hong Kong) with 578 controls
CCL2 CCL5	RANTES (CCL5) -28 GAlleleRANTES-28 CG and GG	Related to ICU admission and death from SARS CoV infection.CG (P = 0.011OR = 4.27, 95%CI:1.64–11.1)GG (P = 0.011OR = 3.34, 95%CI:0.37–30.7)	356 Chinese SARS patients and 367 controls	17540042
	GG genotype (p = 0.0346) and G allele at -88 position(p = 0.0195)	increased risk of hypoxemia in SARS patients	22 SARS patient with hypoxemia and 22 SARS patients without hypoxemia	15766558
MxA Promoter	GT genotype at position 88	Increased susceptibility SARS in comparison to GG genotypeOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.25–7.50	66 cases and 64 Close contact uninfected controls (Chinese Han population)	16824203
ABO	Blood Group A	Increased susceptibility to COVID19 infection (37.75% VS 32.16%) P < 0.001		32750119
		Increased susceptibility to severe manifestation	1775 COVID19 cases compared to 3,694 controls of Chinese population	32558485
		(odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.75; P = 1.48 × 10−4)
		Blood Group A was higher in COVID-19 cases : 36.90% vs. 27.47%, P = 0.006	835 patients and 1255 control participants from Italy and 775 patients and 950 control participants from Spain	32562665
			187 patients and 1991 controls from China
ABO	Blood Group O	Increased protection against COVID19 (25.80% VS 33.84%)P < 0.001		32750119
		odds ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.79; P = 1.06 × 10−5	1775 COVID19 cases compared to 3,694 controls patients of Chinese population	32558485
		Blood Group O was at lower risk of COVID-19 infection : 21.92% vs. 30.19%, P = 0.018	835 patients and 1255 control participants from Italy and 775 patients and 950 control participants from Spain	32562665
			187 patients and 1991 controls from China
ApoE	e4e4 homozygotes	Increased probability of testing positive for COVID19OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.65 to 3.24, p = 1.19 × 10–6	e4e4 homozygotes (n = 9,022)e3e3 (n = 223,457) from UK Biobank	32451547
SLC6A20LZTFL1CCR9FYCO1CXCR6XCR1	The peak association signal was at 3p21.31 region containing those 6 genes.P<5 × 10−8	The risk allele risk allele GA of rs1138594 was higher among patients who received mechanical ventilation than among those who received oxygen supplementation due to COVID-19 diseaseodds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48 to 2.11; P = 1.15 × 10−10	835 patients and 1255 control participants from Italy and 775 patients and 950 control participants from Spain	32558485
ERAP2	rs150892504allele T/C	Risk of death after COVID-19 disease8 fold increased risk	183 people who died from COVID-19 compared with 1324 COVID-19 cases who survived	(Lu et al., 2020)
BRF2	rs138763430allele T/C	Risk of death after COVID-19 disease13 fold increased risk	183 people who died from COVID-19 compared with 1324 COVID-19 cases who survived	(Lu et al., 2020)
TMEM181	rs117665206allele T/C	Risk of death after COVID-19 disease5 fold increased risk	183 people who died from COVID-19 compared with 1324 COVID-19 cases who survived	(Lu et al., 2020)
ALOXE3	rs147149459allele A/Grs151256885allele T/C	Risk of death after COVID-19 disease8 folds increased risk	183 people who died from COVID-19 compared with 1324 COVID-19 cases who survived	(Lu et al., 2020)
MBL2	Codon 54 variant B	Increased susceptibility to Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS CoV severity of disease[OR], 1.73 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.25–2.39]; P=.00086	352 patients and 392 controls in Chinese population	16170752
OAS-1	GA and GG Genotypes in exon 3 of the gene	Increased susceptibility to Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS CoVodds ratio 2.68; 95% CI; 1.17–6.15; p = 0.0178	44 SARS-CoV patients and 103 in Vietnam	15766558
	AG and GG genotypes in the 3'UTR of the OAS1	Protective effect against SARS CoV infectionORs (95% CI) of 0.42 (0.20-0.89) and 0.30 (0.09-0.97), respectively.	66 cases and 64 close contact uninfected controls from China	16824203
ICAM3	homozygousAsp143Gly	Increased susceptibility to Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by by SARS CoV evidenced by high LDH levels on admissionP = .0067; odds ratio [OR], 4.31 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37–13.56]	817 patients with (SARS) from Hong Kong	17570115
CD209 / DC-SIGN promoter	336 AA genotype	LDH level in SARS CoV patients was higher in AA genotype than GG/GA alleles60% chance of poor prognosis(mean + SD3 = 1.14 ± 0.03 vs 1.03 ± 0.04, P = 0.019)	824 SARS patients divided into 2 groups : low and high LDH levels	20359516

¹Odds ratio.

²Intensive Care Unit.

³Standard of error.