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Xenophagy restricts intracellular pathogen infections. (A) Autophagy adaptors are devoted to the recognition of ubiquitin chains and galectins that mark invading bacteria and damaged bacterial phagosome-like membranes, respectively. (B) Intracellular pathogens can escape the autophagy-dependent destruction either eluding the autophagy machinery or inhibiting autophagosome maturation.
