Table 6.

Research sub-themes on engagement.

	Description	Frequency	Percentage
Presence	Learning experience through social, cognitive, and teaching presence.	50	8.08
Interaction	Process of interacting with peers, instructor, or content that results in learners understanding or behavior	43	6.95
Community	Sense of belonging within a group	25	4.04
Participation	Process of being actively involved	21	3.39
Collaboration	Working with someone to create something	17	2.75
Involvement	Involvement in learning. This includes articles that focused broadly on engagement of learners.	14	2.26
Communication	Process of exchanging information with the intent to share information	9	1.45