Table 1.
Lipoprotein subclass patterns in children with varying spectra of insulin resistance related conditions
| Lipoprotein pattern | Method of analysis | Number and characteristics of participants | Vascular indices and other outcomes | Comments (Ref) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
↓phospholipid content in large HDL-C ↓ HDL-C ↓ apoAI, apoE, apoCI, paraoxonase in large HDL-C overall ↓ large HDL-C |
Gel filtration (size exclusion) chromatography, mass spectrometry, and proteomic analysis | 10 children with T2D | Negative correlation to pulse wave velocity | Only males included [55] |
|
↑ small LDL-C ↑ small HDL-C ↓ large HDL-C and ↑ small HDL-C |
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 21 children with prediabetes | NA | Obese prediabetic adolescents have a significantly more atherogenic lipoprotein profile compared with obese normoglycemic peers [56] |
|
↑ small LDL-C ↑ small HDL-C and large VLDL-C Overall smaller LDL-C and HDL-C |
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 194 children with varying spectra of IR | NA | Race stratified: Black male children had smaller VLDL-C, and Black female children had larger HDL-C size [57] |
|
↑ small dense LDL-C ↑ apo B ↓total HDL-C, HDL-2, and HDL-3 |
Vertical autoprofile lipoprotein analysis | 77 children with T2D | NA | Retrospective review in which poor glycemic control was associated with abnormal lipoprotein profiles in both T1D and T2D [58] |
|
↑ LDL-C, non-HDL-C, apoB LDL pattern B (↑ small dense LDL-C) |
Vertical autoprofile lipoprotein analysis | 93 children with T2D of which 67% with HbA1C >8% | NA | Retrospective review of mostly female, mostly African American children [5] |
|
↑ LDL-C and ↓ LDL-C size ↑ VLDL-C particle size and number ↓ HDL-C size |
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 214 children with T2D | LDL-P was the most consistent contributor (to the carotid bulb and internal carotid intima media thickness, augmentation index) | Lean, obese, and children with T2D are compared.Children with T2D had the largest number of the smallest and most dense LDL-C particles. [37] |
LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotien cholesterol, VLDL-C very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, IR insulin resistance, T2D type 2 diabetes mellitus, T1D type 1 diabetes mellitus