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. 2020 Sep 9;11:4518. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18325-8

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© This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Cross-decoding results across time for all three category comparisons. Mean classifier performance is plotted across time relative to stimulus onset, averaged over N = 22 participants. Shaded area represents SEM. Multiple comparisons were controlled for using Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement as implemented in CoSMoMVPA²⁶. Stimulus duration is indicated by the gray bar from 0–200 ms on the x-axis. Chance performance is 50%, indicated by the dashed line. Colored disks along the x-axis indicate statistically significant timepoints. By 130 ms (t₁) from stimulus onset, all three comparisons can be significantly decoded. There is an initial peak at ~160 ms (t₂) for all comparisons, and a second peak ~260 ms (t₃) for decoding human faces from all objects with or without a face, that is absent for decoding illusory faces from matched objects. These three timepoints of interest are used as the focus for the subsequent analyses. Source data are provided as a Source data file. b Representational dissimilarly matrices (96 × 96) for all stimuli for the three timepoints of interest (130, 160, and 260 ms post stimulus onset). The dissimilarity is calculated by taking 1-correlation (Spearman) between the MEG activation patterns for each pair of stimuli. The colorbar range is scaled to the max and min of the dissimilarity values across all timepoints for visualization (see Supplementary Movie 1 for complete time-varying RDM). White lines indicate stimulus category boundaries. Insets show 3 × 3 matrices for each time point averaged by category, excluding the diagonal. Source data are provided as a Source data file. c Visualization of the dissimilarity matrices in (b) using multidimensional scaling. The first two dimensions following MDS are plotted. Each of the points representing the 96 stimuli is colored according to its category membership. Proximity of the points represents more similar brain activation patterns for the associated stimuli.