Table 1.

Dependence of the energy band gap on the synthesis method and structure of SnO₂.

Material type	Structure	Synthesis method	Band gap (eV)	References
Thin films	Amorphous	Atomic layer deposition (ALD)	3.75	23
Thin films	Tetragonal rutile	Spray pyrolysis	3.96–3.99	28
Nanopowder	Tetragonal rutile	Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS)	3.58–4.0	29
Nanoparticles	Tetragonal rutile	Sol–gel	3.9	30
Nanospheres	Tetragonal rutile	Hydrothermal	3.7	31
Nanorods			3.55
Nanorods	Tetragonal rutile	Low temperature hydrothermal synthesis	3.88	32
Nanowires	Tetragonal rutile	Thermal evaporation	3.33	33
Nanofibers	Tetragonal rutile	Electrospinning	3.48	34
Nanofibers	Tetragonal rutile	Electrospinning	3.59	35
Nanofibers	Tetragonal rutile—amorphous	Electrospinning	3.3–3.9	*

*Presented work: “Synthesis of hybrid amorphous/crystalline SnO₂ 1D nanostructures: investigation of morphology, structure and optical properties”.