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. 2020 Sep 9;11:4295. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18045-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The values for each year reflect the gross areas of cropland expansion and abandonment that occurred between that year’s growing season and that of the previous year—i.e., conversions for 2008–09 are reported as ‘09. Iowa, Kansas, South Dakota, and Texas experienced some of the greatest transformations to cropland, with their rates of expansion cresting in earlier years and falling over time. Minnesota, Missouri, and Nebraska exhibited similar temporal trends but at lower magnitudes. High rates of expansion in North Dakota and, to a lesser extent, Kentucky, were persistent across the full study period. Montana was the only state with greater conversion to cropland after 2012 than before.