Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort stratified by plasma sTNFR1 quartiles (n = 118)a,b.
| Characteristic | Data available (n (%)) | Total cohort (n = 118) | sTNFR1 Q1 (n = 30) | sTNFR1 Q2 (n = 29) | sTNFR1 Q3 (n = 30) | sTNFR1 Q4 (n = 29) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma sTNFR1 (min–max; pg/mL) | 118 (100) | 553–10,606 | 553–1,941 | 1,956–2,635 | 2,654–3,555 | 3,646–10,606 | N/A |
| Plasma sTNFR1 (median [IQR]; pg/mL) | 118 (100) | 2,644.5 [1604.0] | 1536.5 [528.0] | 2,324.0 [460.0] | 3,088.0 [431.8] | 4,562.0 [1194.0] | < 0.001 |
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age (mean ± SD; years) | 118 (100) | 73.9 ± 8.9 | 73.5 ± 10.3 | 75.0 ± 8.2 | 71.8 ± 7.7 | 75.3 ± 9.0 | 0.40c |
| Male (n (%)) | 118 (100) | 75 (63.6) | 18 (60.0) | 22 (75.9) | 16 (53.3) | 19 (65.5) | 0.33d |
| Caucasian ethnicity (n (%)) | 118 (100) | 114 (96.6) | 29 (96.7) | 27 (93.1) | 29 (96.7) | 29 (100) | N/Ae |
| Type 2 diabetes (n (%)) | 118 (100) | 118 (100) | 30 (100) | 29 (100) | 30 (100) | 29 (100) | N/A |
| Diabetes duration (median [IQR]; years) | 118 (100) | 15.9 [10.8] | 14.4 [10.1] | 15.8 [11.6] | 15.7 [11.9] | 17.2 [9.5] | 0.42f |
| Blood pressure (mean ± SD; mmHg) | 118 (100) | ||||||
| Systolic | 135.9 ± 17.8 | 135.7 ± 20.8 | 134.5 ± 13.6 | 137.1 ± 16.2 | 136.1 ± 20.2 | 0.96 | |
| Diastolic | 73.5 ± 10.6 | 74.4 ± 10.6 | 74.2 ± 8.9 | 73.3 ± 11.2 | 72.0 ± 11.9 | 0.82 | |
| Body-mass index (mean ± SD; kg/m2) | 118 (100) | 31.3 ± 9.5 | 29.2 ± 5.3 | 29.6 ± 4.6 | 35.4 ± 15.2 | 31.0 ± 7.6 | 0.04 |
| Current smoker (n (%)) | 118 (100) | 10 (8.5) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (3.5) | 3 (10.0) | 5 (17.2) | N/A |
| Diabetes complications (n (%)) | |||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 115 (97.5) | 21 (18.3) | 2 (6.7) | 6 (21.4) | 7 (24.1) | 6 (21.4) | 0.29 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 114 (96.6) | 11 (9.7) | 2 (6.7) | 2 (7.1) | 5 (17.2) | 2 (7.4) | N/A |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 116 (98.3) | 21 (18.1) | 4 (13.3) | 4 (14.3) | 8 (26.7) | 5 (17.9) | 0.53 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 114 (96.6) | 57 (50.0) | 16 (55.2) | 11 (37.9) | 14 (48.3) | 16 (59.3) | 0.40 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 115 (97.5) | 34 (29.6) | 10 (33.3) | 10 (35.7) | 7 (24.1) | 7 (25.0) | 0.70 |
| Laboratory results | |||||||
| Serum creatinine (mean ± SD; μmol/L) | 118 (100) | 141.9 ± 53.3 | 120.8 ± 26.2 | 128.3 ± 23.1 | 136.9 ± 38.8 | 182.4 ± 81.6 | < 0.001 |
| CKD-EPI eGFR (mean ± SD; mL/min/BSA) | 118 (100) | 41.7 ± 11.4 | 47.4 ± 8.7 | 45.3 ± 8.7 | 41.8 ± 10.4 | 32.2 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 |
| uACR (median [IQR]; mg/mmol) | 101 (85.6) | 3.0 [10.9] | 2.9 [5.0] | 1.9 [4.4] | 2.1 [14.3] | 35.5 [124.3] | 0.01 |
| HbA1c (mean ± SD; mmol/mol) | 118 (100) | 59.8 ± 10.9 | 56.9 ± 8.6 | 56.9 ± 9.0 | 60.9 ± 11.2 | 64.6 ± 12.9 | 0.02 |
| Haemoglobin (mean ± SD; g/dL) | 117 (99.2) | 12.7 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.6 | 13.4 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 11.8 ± 1.9 | 0.01 |
| Medications | 118 (100) | ||||||
| GLP1RA (n (%)) | 13 (11.0) | 3 (10.0) | 3 (10.3) | 5 (16.7) | 2 (6.9) | N/A | |
| SGLT2i (n (%)) | 2 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | |
| Insulin (n (%)) | 50 (42.4) | 9 (30.0) | 9 (31.0) | 15 (50.0) | 17 (58.6) | 0.06 | |
| Number of glucose-lowering medications (mean ± SD) | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 0.58 | |
| Either ACE-inhibitor or ARB (n (%)) | 86 (72.9) | 22 (73.3) | 20 (69.0) | 22 (73.3) | 22 (75.9) | 0.95 | |
| Number of antihypertensives (mean ± SD) | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 0.62 | |
| Statin (n (%)) | 92 (78.0) | 26 (86.7) | 23 (79.3) | 22 (73.3) | 21 (72.4) | 0.52 | |
| ESA (n (%)) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | |
aACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-II receptor blocker; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESA, erythropoietin-stimulating agent; GLP1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor analogue; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; N/A, not applicable; Q1, quartile 1; Q2, quartile 2; Q3, quartile 3; Q4, quartile 4; SD, standard deviation; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; sTNFR1, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-1; uACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
bValues are given as n (%) for categorical variables, or mean ± SD for normally distributed continuous variables, unless otherwise indicated. Median [IQR] values are presented for continuous variables that are not normally distributed.
cOne-way between-groups ANOVA was used to assess for variation in normally distributed continuous variables across the sTNFR1 quartiles.
dχ2 analysis was used to analyse for differences in categorical variables across the sTNFR1 quartiles.
eN/A indicates that the minimum expected cell frequency count for χ2 was not satisfied.
fKruskall-Wallis test was used to assess for variation across the sTNFR1 quartiles in continuous variables that were not normally distributed.