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. 2020 Sep 9;10:14825. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71537-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evaluation of Europe’s surface water quality based on predicted environmental concentrations for 24 priority substances (PS) using a quantitative mixture pollution pressure metric, HI_EQS. X-axis: E-HYPE hydrological units separately rank-ordered based on hazard indices (HI_EQS, 1st Y-axis) and # of compounds (2nd Y-axis). 1st Y-axis: HI_EQS. 2nd Y-axis: number of compounds contributing to the HI with an RQ > 1, plotted following the rank order of the pollution pressure described by HI_EQS (X-axis). Water bodies with similar HI_EQS or adjacent ranks can have different numbers of compounds that exceed their EQS. The transparent blue and red boxes are identical as in Fig. 1. Water bodies to the right of the dotted line are interpreted to be insufficiently protected against mixtures. RQ Risk Quotient, HI Hazard Index, EQS Ecological Quality Standard. Outcomes based on the means of a year’s predicted environmental concentrations (mean-PEC), related to the approach used to characterize chemical pollution in the WFD, for 35,406 hydrological units, as Fig. 1.