Table 1.
Overview of included studies.
| References | Groups | Mean age (years) | M | F | Mean time since injury data collected | Mean number of concussions | Additional assessments reported | TMS quality study score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christyakov et al. (2001) | Concussion Control | 31.9 33.2 | 9 15 | 5 | 2 weeks | N/A | GCS 13–15 | 23 |
| Davidson and Tremblay (2016) | Concussion Control | 24.3 ± 3.1 24.4 ± 4.8 | 12 12 | 4 4 | 17 months | 2 | Neuropsychological Motor performance test | 21 |
| De Beaumont et al. (2011) | Concussion Control | 22.3 ± 3.4 22.3 ± 3.4 | 21 15 | 0 | 19.03 ± 13.77 months | 2.65 ± 1.45 | Postural stability Motor execution speed | 17 |
| De Beaumont et al. (2012b) | Concussion Control | 23.4 ± 3.1 23.4 ± 3.1 | 13 19 | 0 | 13.74 ± 6.26 months | 2.87 ± 1.41 | GCS 13–15/Motor learning task | 18 |
| Di Virgilio et al. (2019) | Sub-concussion Control | 22 ± 1.7 22 ± 3 | NS | NS | 1 h post | 0 (sub concussive intervention) | Postural control Neuropsychological Electromyography | 18 |
| Edwards and Christie (2017) | Concussion Control | 20.8 ± 2.3 20.9 ± 0.9 | 5 7 | 4 7 | 2, 4, and 8 weeks | NS | Post-concussion symptoms/Neuropsychological | 15 |
| Livingston et al. (2010) | Concussion Control | 20.4 ± 1.3 20.4 ± 1.3 | 6 6 | 3 3 | 1 day | NS | Graded concussion severity | 17 |
| Miller et al. (2014) | mTBI Control | 20.8 ± 1.2 21.1 ± 1.3 | 8 8 | 7 7 | 2.6 ± 0.2 days and 8 weeks | <2 | Brief medical history | 22 |
| Pearce et al. (2015) | Concussion Control | 25.0 ± 2.6 25.2 ± 4.4 | 8 15 | 0 0 | 5 days | N/A | Neuropsychological Fine motor dexterity Visuomotor reaction time | 24 |
| Pearce et al. (2019) | PPCS Asymptomatic Control | 36.2 ± 14 33.8 ± 6.6 37.7 ± 8 | 15 16 16 | 5 4 4 | 15.6 ± 7.6 months 12.5 ± 6.6 months | 4.0 ± 3.0 4.8 ± 2.6 | Self-report fatigue scale Somatosensory vibration | 22 |
| Pearce et al. (2020a) | PPCS Asymptomatic | 39.7 ± 13.5 36.3 ± 9.5 | 33 41 | 5 4 | 14.1 ± 7.1 months 12.5 ± 6.9 months | 4.6 ± 3.5 4.7 ± 2.6 | Self-report fatigue scale Somatosensory vibration | 19 |
| Powers et al. (2014) | Concussion Control | 20.2 ± 1.2 20.3 ± 1.5 | 8 8 | 0 0 | 34 days | N/A | Voluntary activation Sense of force | 22 |
| Stokes et al. (2020) | Concussion (acute) Concussion (chronic) Control | All participants 18–22 years | 12 21 29 | 0 0 0 | <2 weeks >1 year | N/A N/A | IQ Concussion history survey Concussion symptom survey | 20 |
| Tremblay et al. (2011) | Concussion Control | 22.4 ± 1.7 23.2 ± 5.9 | 12 14 | 0 0 | 23.2 ± 5.9 months | 3.2 ± 0.9 | Electroencephalography | 23 |
| Yasen et al. (2017) | Mtbi Control | 21.2 ± 4.4 21.4 ± 4.6 | 10 10 | 10 10 | 72 h and 8 weeks | 1 | Post-concussion symptoms Cognitive testing Gait analysis | 23 |
Data displayed as mean (± SD) where reported.
NS, Not stated; N/A, Not applicable; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; IQ, Intelligence Quotient.