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. 2020 Aug 27;11:529. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00529

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Copyright © 2020 Michalec, Chang, Lovejoy and Lovejoy.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phylogenetic analysis of insulin, calcitonin, CRF, secretin, and TCAP mature peptides. The trees are represented as (A) unrooted and (B) rooted to TCAP. Each family is highlighted with a different color: CRF (red), calcitonin (orange), insulin (green), secretin (purple), and TCAP (blue). Analysis was conducted using the maximum likelihood method based on the Whelan and Goldman model (lnL = −1781.0007; +G, parameter = 23.5912) (41). Initial trees for the heuristic search were obtained by applying the NJ method to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using a JTT model. Branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site, with the tree shown to scale. Bootstrap analysis involved 1,000 replicates. Calcitonin family: CALC, calcitonin; CGRP1, calcitonin-gene-related peptide 1; CGRP2, calcitonin-gene-related peptide 2; AM, amylin; ADM, adrenomedullin; ADM2, adrenomedullin 2; INSa, insulin A chain; INSb, insulin B chain; CRF family: CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; TCN, teleocortin; UCN, urocortin; UCN2, urocortin 2; UCN3, urocortin 3; UI, urotensin; SVG, sauvagine; DH, diuretic hormone; Secretin family: SCT, secretin; GHRH, growth hormone releasing hormone; GIP, gastric inhibitory peptide; GCG, glucagon; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; Outgroup: TCAP, teneurin C-terminal associated peptide. The scale bar indicates the level of magnification for the tree.