Table 2.

Base editing and prime editing systems in plants.

Organism	Editor type	Base editing systema	Target genes	Editing frequencyb	Editing window (upstream of PAM)	Ref.
Rice	BE3	pnCas9-PBE	OsCDC48, OsNRT1.1B, OsSPL14	43.48c 0.39–7.07%f	−18 to −12	[108]
Rice	BE2	APOBEC1-XTEN-Cas9(D10A)	NRT1.1B, SLR1	≤13.3%c	−17 to −14	[111]
Rice	BE3	APOBEC1-XTEN-Cas9n-UGI-NLS	OsCERK1, OsSERK1, OsSERK2, ipa1	10–38.9%c	−19 to −13	[113]
Rice	BE4	APOBEC1-XTEN-Cas9n (VQR)-UGI-NLS	pi-ta	18.2%c	−19 to −13
Rice	Target-AID	nCas9Os-PmCDA1At	ALS, FTIP1e	6–89%c	−19 to −17	[109]
Rice	ABE	PABE	OsALS, OsCDC48, OsAAT, OsDEP1, OsACC, OsNRT1.1B, OsEV, OsOD	3.2–59.1%c	−17 to −13	[114]
Rice	ABE	TadA-TadA7.10-Cas9n	OsMPK6, OsMPK13, OsSERK2, OsWRKY45	0–62.26%c	−17 to −14	[115]
Rice	ABE	pRABEsp-OsU6	OsSPL14, SLR1, OsSPL16, OsSPL18, LOC_Os02g24720	>4.8%c	−17 to −14	[161]
Rice	ABE	pRABESA-OsU6sa	OsSPL14, OsSPL17, OsSPL16, OsSPL18	>17%c	–
Rice	ABE	pHUN411-ABE	Wx, GL2/OsGRF4, OsGRF3	<10%f	−16 to −12	[116]
Rice	APOBEC3A	A3A-PBE	OsAAT, OsCDC48, OsDEP1, OsNRT1.1B, OsOD, OsEV	44–83%c	−20 to −4	[142]
Rice	hAID∗Δ	hAID∗Δ-XTEN-Cas9n-NLS	OsRLCK185, OsCERK1, Pi-d2, OsFLS2, OsAOS1, OsJAR1, OsJAR2, OsCOI2	–	−18 to −14	[112]
Rice	ABE	VQR-Cas9 (D10A)/VRER-Cas9 (D10A)	OsSPL14, OsSPL17, OsSPL16, OsSPL18, OsIDS1, OsTOE1	≤74.3%c	−19 to −11	[162]
Rice	ABE	SaKKH-Cas9 (D10A)	SNB	6.5%c	–
Rice	BE	VQR-Cas9 (D10A)	PMS3	≤61.1%c	–
Rice	BE3	xCas9(D10A)-rAPOBEC1	OsDEP1	≤30%f	−19 to −16	[175]
Rice	Target-AID	xCas9(D10A)-PmCDA1	OsDEP1	<20%c	−19 to −16
Rice	Target-AID	Cas9-NG (D10A)-PmCDA-UGI	OsDEP1, OsCDC48, OsPDS	0–56.3%c	−20 to −7
Rice	Target-AID	NGv1 (D10A)	EPSPS, ALS, DL	5–95.5%c 4.2–86.3%f	−20 to −9	[176]
Rice	BE	NGv1 (D10A)	EPSPS, ALS, DL	4.3–21.8%f	−19 to −14
Rice	BE3	pCXUN-BE3	OsPDS, OsSBEIIb	0.1–20%c	−17 to −13	[110]
Rice	BE3 Target-AID ABE	eBE3, eCDA, eABE	OsACC	–	–	[149]
Rice	BE3 ABE	Base-Editing-mediated Gene Evolution (BEMGE)	OsALS1, OsALS2, OsALS3	–	–	[150]
Rice	BE3 Target-AID	xCas9-epBE	OsMPK2, OsMPK5, OsMPK5, OsALS, OsNRT1.1B	5–64.3%c	−20 to −10/-7	[163]
Rice	BE4 ABE	xCas9n-CBE, Cas9n-NG-CBE, eCas9n-NG-CBE xCas9n-ABE, Cas9n-NG-ABE, eCas9n-NG-ABE	OsWaxy, OsEUI1, OsCKX2 OsWaxy, OsEUI1, OsCKX2	9.1–45.5%c 2–6.5%c	−18 to −13	[177]
Rice	ecTadA∗7.10-nCas9	ABE-P1S	OsSPL14, SLR1, OsSERK2, Tms9-1, OsNRT1.1B, OsACC1, OsDEP1	11.4–96.3%c	−20 to −9	[168]
Rice	ecTadA∗7.10-nSaCas9,	ABE-P2S	SPX-MSF2, OsSPL14, OsSPL17, OsSPL14, OsSPL17, OsSPL16, OsSPL18	15.9–61.1%c	−20 to −18
Rice	ecTadA∗7.10-nSaKKH-Cas9	ABE-P5S	OsSPL13, SNB	6.1–33.9%c	−17 to −10
Rice	BE3	nCas9-PBE	GL1-1, NAL1	58–68%c	−18 to −12	[125]
Rice	ABE	ABE7.10-nSpCas9-NGv1	sgOs-siteG1, sgOs-site2, sgOs-site3, sgOs-site4	29.2–45.8%c	−16 to −13	[178]
Rice	ABE	pPUN411-HABE, pPUN411-ABEH	Pid3, WX	>97.9%c	–	[117]
Rice	PE	PPE2, PPE3, PPE3b	OsCDC48, OsALS, OsDEP1, OsEPSPS, OsLDMAR, OsGAPDH, OsAAT, TaUbi10, TaGW2, TaGASR7, TaLOX2, TaMLO, TaDME1	≤21.8%c	–	[118]
Rice	PE	pPE2, pPE3, pPE3b	OsPDS, OsACC1, OsWx	0–31.3%c	–	[121]
Rice	PE	PE-P1, PE-P2	OsALS, OsACC, OsDEP1	≤26%c	–	[119]
Rice	PE	pCXUN-Ubi-NLS-nCas9(H840A)-Linker1 (33aa)-M-MLV-RT-Linker2 (14aa)-NLS-PolyA-E9-Actin-Nos	hptll, OsEPSPS	2.22–9.38%c	–	[120]
Rice	PE	Sp-PE2, Sp-PE3, Sa-PE3	ALS, APO1, SLR1, OsSPL14, APO2	0–17.1%c	–	[122]
Wheat	BE3	pnCas9-PBE	TaLOX2	1.25%d	−18 to −12	[108]
Wheat	ABE	PABE	TaDEP1, TaGW2	0.4–1.1%c	−17 to −13	[114]
Wheat	APOBEC3A	A3A-PBE	TaALS, TaMTL, TaLOX2	16.7–22.5%d	−20 to −4	[142]
Wheat	BE3	PBE	TaALS-P174	33–75%d	−18 to −12	[141]
Maize	BE3	pnCas9-PBE	ZmCENH3	10%c	−18 to −12	[108]
Tomato	Target-AID	nCas9At-PmCDA1Hs/nCas9At-PmCDA1At	DELLA, ETR1	41–92%c	−20 to −18	[109]
Tomato	Target-AID	pDeSpnCas9-NG_PmCDA1_UGI	SIALS1	32%c	−20 to −13	[179]
Potato	Target-AID	pDeSpnCas9-NG_PmCDA1_UGI	StDMR6-1, StGBSSI	9–64%c	−18 to −16
Potato	APOBEC3A	pDeSpnCas9-NG_hAPOBEC3A_PmCDA1_UGI	StDMR6-1, StGBSSI	8–42%c	−18 to −11
Potato	APOBEC3A	A3A-PBE	StALS, StGBSS	6.5%e	−20 to −4	[142]
Potato	Target-AID	–	SlALS1	100%c	–	[128]
Arabidopsis	ABE	pcABEs	AtALS, AtPDS, AtFT, AtLFY	0–85%c	−16 to −12	[127]
Arabidopsis	BE3	BE3	ALS	2.7–40%c	−17 to −12	[124]
Arabidopsis	BE3	nCas9-PBE	MTA	39.3%c	−18 to −12	[125]
Arabidopsis	BE3	BE3	eIF4E1	50%c	–	[126]
Rapeseed	ABE	pcABEs	BnALS, BnPDS	8.8% e	−16 to −12	[127]
Watermelon	BE3	CBE3	ALS	23%c	−14 to −13	[130]
Cotton	BE3	GhBE3	GhCLA, GhPEBPc	26–58%c ≤18.63%f	−17 to −12	[129]
Soybean	BE3	pTF101.1-sgRNA-BE	GmFT2a, GmFT4	≤18.2%c	–	[180]
Oilseed rape	BE3	CBE	BnALS1	1.8%c	–	[181]

^aBase editing system refers to the specific name of the editor in the specific papers.

^bEditing frequency refers to the ratio of edited to unedited plants.

^cAgrobacterium mediated system.

^dParticle bombardment.

^eProtoplast transformation.

^fEfficiency in targeted sequence.