Table 2.
Clinical trials associated to other immunomodulatory strategies
| Target | Clinical trial ID | Study | Drug | Year | Number of patients | Time of treatment | NYHA class | Primary endpoint | Primary endpoint reached? | Status | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | |||||||||||
| HFrEF | |||||||||||
| ATTACH | Infliximab | 2003 | 150 | 14 weeks | III-IV | Safety | No | Complete | Chung [122] | ||
| RENEWAL: RECOVER & RENAISSANCE | Etanercept | 2004 | 1500 | 24 weeks | II-IV | Combined outcome of death or hospitalization. Clinical status | No | Complete | Mann [123] | ||
| Broad spectrum immunomodulation | |||||||||||
| HFrEF | |||||||||||
| NCT03634189 | CAPITAL | Cannabidiol | 2018 | 20 | 6 months | Adverse events | Not yet recruiting | Jerjes-Sánchez [124] | |||
| NCT01914081 | RES-HF | Resveratrol | 2013 | 40 | 12 months | II-III | Quality of life | Recruiting | Malik [125] | ||
| NCT01337349 | PENT-CHF | Pentoxifylline | 2011 | 45 | 6 months | II-III | LVED improvement | Unknown | Ananthasubramaniam [126] | ||
| NCT04391231 | Pentoxifylline | 2020 | 50 | IV | Reduction in REBC hemolysis | Not yet recruiting | Emerson [127] | ||||
| NCT02551094 | COLCOT | Colchicine | 2015 | 4745 | 22.6 months | MI | Adverse cardiovascular events | Yes | Complete | Tardif [128] | |
| Prospective, Randomized Study | Colchicine | 2014 | 279 | 6 months | II-III | NYHA improvement | No | complete | Deftereos [129] | ||
| NCT00759811 | METIS | Methotrexate | 2008 | 50 | 12 weeks | II-IV | difference in 6-min walk test | No | Complete | Moreira [130] | |
| NCT01640639 | THUNDER | Thalidomide | 2012 | 100 | III-IV | Changes in left ventricular ejection fraction | Unknown | Pelliccia [131] | |||
| NCT01739777 | RIMECARD | Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | 2012 | 30 | 12 months | I-III | NYHA improvement | Yes | complete | Bartolucci [132] | |
| NCT01223703 | CS-PUFA-02 | n-3 PUFAs | 2010 | 133 | 12 months | II-III | Left ventricular function | Yes | Nodari [133] | ||
| IVIG | Intravenous immune globulin | 2001 | 62 | 12 months | I-IV | Left ventricular function | Yes | Complete | McNamara [134] | ||
| CELECADE | Immune activation-autologous blood exposed to stress | 2005 | 75 | 6 months | I-IV | NYHA classification, mortality and hospitalization risk | Yes | Complete | Torre-Amione [135] | ||
| HFpEF | |||||||||||
| NCT01185067 | GRAPEVINE-HF | Resveratrol | 2010 | 15 | 6 weeks | II-III | Brachial artery flow | Complete | Hummel [136] | ||
| HFrEF and HFpEF | |||||||||||
| NCT03525379 | REV-HF | Resveratrol | 2018 | 40 | 8 weeks | Change in isolated skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption | Recruiting | Ezekowitz [137] | |||